| 1. |
- Woolgar, Steve, et al.
(författare)
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Virtual witnessing in a virtual age : A prospectus for social studies of e-science
- 2006
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Ingår i: New Infrastructures for Knowledge Production. - : IGI Global. - 9781591407171 - 1591407176 - 9781591407195 - 9781591407188 ; , s. 1-25
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Despite a substantial unfolding investment in Grid technologies (for the development of cyberinfrastructures or e-science), little is known about how, why and by whom these new technologies are being adopted or will be taken up. This chapter argues for the importance of addressing these questions from an STS (science and technology studies) perspective, which develops and maintains a working scepticism with respect to the claims and attributions of scientific and technical capacity. We identify three interconnected topics with particular salience for Grid technologies: data, networks, and accountability. The chapter provides an illustration of how these topics might be approached from an STS perspective, by revisiting the idea of “virtual witnessing”—a key idea in understanding the early emergence of criteria of adequacy in experiments and demonstrations at the birth of modern science—and by drawing upon preliminary interviews with prospective scientist users of Grid technologies. The chapter concludes that, against the temptation to represent the effects of new technologies on the growth of scientific knowledge as straightforward and determinate, escientists are immersed in structures of interlocking accountabilities which leave the effects uncertain.
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| 2. |
- Johnson, Ericka, et al.
(författare)
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Viagra Selfhood: Pharmaceutical Advertising and the Visual Formation of Swedish Masculinity
- 2009
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Ingår i: Health Care Analysis. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1065-3058 .- 1573-3394. ; 17:2, s. 144-159
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Using material from the Pfizer sponsored website providing health information on erectile dysfunction to potential Swedish Viagra customers (www.potenslinjen.se), this article explores the public image of masculinity in relation to sexual health and the cultural techniques for creating pharmaceutical appeal. We zoom in on the targeted ideal users of Viagra, and the nationalized, racialized and sexualized identities they are assigned. As part of Pfizer’s marketing strategy of adjustments to fit the local consumer base, the ways in which Viagra is promoted for the Swedish setting is telling of what concepts of masculinity are so stable and unassailable that they can withstand the association with a drug that is, in essence, an acknowledgement of ‘failed’ masculinity and ‘dysfunctional’ sexuality. With comparative national examples, this study presents a take on the ‘glocalized’ cultural imaginary of Viagra, and the masculine subject positions it engenders.
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| 3. |
- Persson-Thunqvist, Daniel, 1969-, et al.
(författare)
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Språkligt arbete i nödsamtal : En kunskapsöversikt med forskningsutblickar
- 2008
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Ingår i: Språk och stil. - 1101-1165 .- 2002-4010. ; 18, s. 67-92
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Emergency calls are an important public service and comprise the first step in an emergency response.This service is essentially mediated through talk. The article presents a review of conversationanalytic studies of the interaction taking place in real-life emergency calls. Some of thesestudies focus on analyzing the highly specialized conversational structure of calls to the emergencyservices. Others explore a variety of routine interactional troubles, including, for instance, misunderstandingsarising from the asymmetries in knowledge about the institutional setting, as well asdifferent expectations the parties bring to the interaction. A further subset of studies includes analysesof deviant cases, in which emergency calls not only evinced interactional troubles but alsoproved seriously consequential for the response operation. The present review reveals that there isa lack of studies targeting emergency calls with certain specific categories of callers that may provecommunicatively problematic, such as non-native callers and children. An analysis of a few exchangesbetween an immigrant child and the operator serves to illustrate some specific languagerelatedsources of interactional trouble. This demonstrates, more broadly, the need for analytic researchto highlight the procedures through which the parties work to manage and remedy such interactionalproblems, thus allowing for the accomplishment of a successful emergency assistance.
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| 4. |
- Öhlén, Joakim, 1958, et al.
(författare)
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Exploration of communicative patterns of consultations in palliative cancer care.
- 2008
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Ingår i: European journal of oncology nursing : the official journal of European Oncology Nursing Society. - : Elsevier BV. - 1462-3889 .- 1532-2122. ; 12:1, s. 44-52
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Building on the research conducted on institutional communication, and the analysis of actual communication taking place in clinical settings, this study describes and highlights features of palliative care consultations and focuses on the distribution of discursive space (i.e., share of words, lengths of turns), occurring topics and conversational frames. Six consultations between physicians, patients and significant others were videotaped and all participants took part in audio-taped interviews. The recordings were transcribed and analysed in regard to expectations of, the discursive space of, and topics addressed in the consultations. The distribution of the discursive space was unequal; the physicians had the greatest share of words and length of turns in all six consultations, and they mostly initiated discussion of medical issues connected to examinations and treatment, while only patients initiated the topic of the patient's future. During the consultations, institutional framing tended to dominate over client framing. There was found to be room for further study of the structure and content of palliative care consultations with emphasis on how the voice of the patient can manifest itself within the framework of the medical agenda of the consultation and its significance for palliative cancer team work.
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| 5. |
- Cromdal, Jakob, 1969-, et al.
(författare)
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Context that matters : Producing “thick-enough descriptions” in initial emergency reports
- 2008
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Ingår i: Journal of Pragmatics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0378-2166 .- 1879-1387. ; 40, s. 927-959
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article examines how troublesome events are described in children’s emergency calls. In focus forthe analysis are the procedures through which participants methodically deal with contextual informationconcerning the reported emergency event during the early phases of the call, i.e., up to the point where theoperator is able to set emergency priority. This choice is motivated by a set of institutional concerns thatsurface in the interaction typically, but not solely, through the operator’s ways of receiving and managing thecaller’s unfolding report. The initial phase of emergency calls thus offers a locus of order, a phenomenon initself, in addition to offering access to some of the finer details of sequential and categorical organisation ofinteraction in emergency calls. Applying Ryle’s (1968) distinction between ‘thin’ vs. ‘thick’ description(roughly, the description of an observed event vs. description of the meaning of an observed event) to thereporting of emergencies, we argue that determining the relevant level of ‘thickness’ is, above all, a task forthe participants themselves. Hence, our analysis shows that interaction during the early phases of emergencycalls is distinctively geared towards producing a ‘thick-enough’ description of the reported event. Thesefindings are discussed in terms of the methodological problem of how features of the context can enterinteraction analytic accounts of institutional exchanges. Specifically, we argue that relevant features ofcontext ‘brought along’ to emergency calls (to do, for instance, with operators’ institutional agendas orcallers’ situations) are also ‘brought about’ by the participants as part of the interactional work throughwhich one party’s observations are jointly transformed into descriptions that form accountable reports ofemergency events.
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| 6. |
- Drevenhorn, Eva, 1954, et al.
(författare)
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Evaluation of consultation training in hypertension care
- 2009
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Ingår i: European Journal of Cardivascular Nursing. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1474-5151 .- 1873-1953. ; 8:5, s. 349-354
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background Nurses in hypertension care play an important role in minimising the risk factors for cardiovascular diseases, but this care can be improved. Aim To evaluate the content of nurses' consultations with hypertensive patients before and after consultation training. Methods Nineteen nurses from a randomised study of nurse-led hypertension clinics at health centres received three days of residential training in patient-centred counselling and cardiovascular prevention. To assess the result, two consultations with hypertensive patients in clinical practice before and after the training were audio-recorded. Content analysis was used for the analysis. Results Diet and exercise were the most frequent topics in the consultations both before and after the training. Discussions about alcohol and the patient's responsibility for treatment increased after the training. The time spent talking about various issues, other health problems, history and appointment scheduling decreased in the consultations after the training. Conclusion After the consultation training, the nurses succeeded in emphasising important issues for risk factor control to a greater extent.
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| 7. |
- Karlsson, Kristina, et al.
(författare)
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Democracy in talk : Dominance in ”usercentered” team meetings
- 2007
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Disability Research. - : Stockholm University Press. - 1501-7419 .- 1745-3011. ; 9:2, s. 91-111
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim is to examine the discursive organization of “user-centred” team meetings in the Swedish rehabilitation sector. The “users” are aged between 4 and 30 and have been ascribed different kinds of impairments. The teams consist of one user and/or her/his relatives and different professionals. The analysis is primarily based on transcriptions of 18 audiotaped team meetings held by 10 different teams and focuses on two dimensions of dominance in interaction: the amount of talk and topic control. The findings point to professional dominance, but parents also have a great influence on the topic control. The degree of participation and the control of topics of the users who participate in the meetings vary, but most of the users become involved primarily by responding to the questions and suggestions of professionals and parents. In order to increase the users' control of the interactions the participants need to continuously discuss the organization of the conversations. The findings are related to complicating aspects of the conversations, including institutionalization, representation difficulties, varying communicative abilities, and expectations of expertise and adult liabilities.
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| 8. |
- Karlsson, Kristina
(författare)
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Handling dilemmas of self-determination in ‘user-centred’ rehabilitation
- 2007
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Ingår i: Disability and Rehabilitation. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0963-8288 .- 1464-5165. ; 29:3, s. 245-253
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose: To describe discursive strategies used by different professionals and parents to handle dilemmas of self-determination versus paternalism during six 'user-centred' team meetings in the Swedish rehabilitation sector. The dilemmas arise when the users' responses do not fully meet the demands of the liberal ideal of self-determination. Method: Three cases are used to illustrate three discursive strategies that have been found by means of discourse analysis of transcriptions of the audio-recorded meetings. Four teams consisting of one user each participate in the study. The users have been ascribed physical and/or cognitive disabilities and their ages vary between 14 and 30. Results: The dilemmas were never made explicit. Parents and professionals performed a kind of paternalistic steering termed 'challenging the user's response', 'substituting for the user', or 'dropping the user's response'. Conclusions: The least paternalistic steering includes making the dilemma explicit and offering the user the opportunity of sharing the responsibility for the handling of the situation. However, due to the complexity of the interactions no strategy can be found to either completely prevent the occurrence of dilemmatic situations, or definitely maintain the user's self-determination during dilemmatic situations. Paternalism may occasionally be a just way of enhancing future autonomy.
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| 9. |
- Lindwall, Oskar, et al.
(författare)
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The dark matter of lab work : Illuminating the negotiation of disciplined perception in mechanics
- 2008
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Ingår i: The Journal of the learning sciences. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1050-8406 .- 1532-7809. ; 17:2, s. 180-224
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study examines the practical work of a pair of students and an instructor using probeware in a mechanics lab. The aim of the study is to describe and discuss a type of interactional sequence that we refer to as dark matter, the ordinary backdrop to the extraordinary sequences that are easily recognizable as clear-cut instances of learning. Although this work is downplayed in the research literature, describing it is critical to properly understanding lab work as an educational practice. With a focus on the negotiation of disciplined perception, we analyze a number of episodes wherein a pair of students and an instructor struggle with the construction and interpretation of a graph depicting a linear relationship between force and acceleration. We demonstrate an intimate interplay between how the students display their problems and understandings and how the instructor tries to make the subject matter content visible and thus learnable. The analyzed episodes are illuminating with regard to the analytical notion of disciplined perception as applied to graph interpretation; the cognitive and practical competencies involved in producing, recognizing, and understanding graphs in mechanics; and the interactive work by which these competencies are made into objects of learning and instruction.
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| 10. |
- Wilson, Brent T, et al.
(författare)
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The use of conversational laughter by an individual with dementia
- 2007
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Ingår i: Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0269-9206 .- 1464-5076. ; 21:11-12, s. 1001-1006
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- While laughter has been shown to play a significant role in any social interaction; its conversational usage by a person with dementia has rarely been investigated. This paper will investigate the functional aspects of laughter during conversation in an individual with dementia. Conversation analysis is used in order to investigate laughter as a social phenomenon and to be able to investigate laughter in an empirical and authentic manner. The conversational strategies employed through laughter will be detailed and implications will be discussed.
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