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- Carlson, Raul, 1961, et al.
(author)
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Establishing common primary data for environmental overview of product life cycles. Users, perspectives, methods, data and information systems
- 2005
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- This report describes how information about the environmental performance of products over their life cycles can be accessed anywhere and by any stakeholder throughout the product life cycle. Particular consideration has been given to different ways of performing a life cycle assessment (LCA). The report covers different users of environmental product information, the various methods and tools used to produce and disseminate that information, and the primary data needed for those methods and tools. The report also outlines an information system organisation for potential use as a cooperative approach to supporting stakeholders of product life cycles with environmental information. Chapter 2 contains a comprehensive (albeit not exhaustive) list of perspectives from which a stakeholder may environmentally view and assess products. A number of examples are given to describe reasons people have in practice for applying each perspective. The intention is to ensure that users find the methods and tools in chapter 3 to be truly relevant. Chapter 3 lists and presents methods and tools for assessing environmental performance, for acquiring information about environmental impacts, and for providing information on environmental properties of products. Particular emphasis is placed on the different types of LCA that have been identified, how they differ, how to use them, and their differing data requirements. Chapter 4 lists and presents the data and information that are used or produced by the methods and tools described in Chapter 3. This chapter includes discussion of data availability, data quality issues and data formatting. Chapter 5 proposes an information system organisation and design taking into account all perspectives and practical needs as described in Chapter 2, as well as all information and data issues described in Chapter 4. Particular attention is paid to the need for compatibility with existing systems, the technical and economic feasibility of building small systems instead of large ones, and the necessity of a short payback time for all investments, particularly those in the private sector. In chapter 6 the authors present outline recommendations for further work.
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| 3. |
- Granström, Karin
(author)
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Emissions of volatile organic compounds from wood
- 2005
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The central aim of this thesis is to support the efforts to counteract certain environmental problems caused by emissions of volatile organic compounds. The purpose of this work was (1) to develop a method to establish the amount of emitted substances from dryers, (2) to determine the effect of drying medium temperature and end moisture content of the processed material on emissions of monoterpenes and other hydrocarbons, (3) to examine the emissions of monoterpenes during production of pellets, and (4) to examine the natural emissions from forests with an eye to implications for modelling. The measurement method (1) resolves the difficulties caused by diffuse emissions, and also solves the problems associated with high moisture content of the drying medium. The basic idea is to use water vapour to determine the exhaust flow, while a dry ice trap is used both to preconcentrate emitted volatile organic compounds and to determine the moisture content of the drying medium. The method as used in this paper has an uncertainty of 13% using a 95% confidence interval. Emissions from a spouted bed (2) in continuous operation drying Norway spruce sawdust at temperatures of 140°C, 170°C or 200°C was analysed with FID and GC-MS. When the sawdust end moisture content was reduced below 10%wb, emissions of terpenes and volatile organic compounds per oven dry weight increased rapidly. Increased temperature of the drying medium increased the amounts of emitted monoterpenes when sawdust moisture content was below the fibre saturation point. Examination of sawdust and wood pellets from different pellets producers (3) revealed that most of the terpene emissions happened during the drying step, with rotary dryers causing higher emissions than steam dryers. Almost all of the volatile terpenes remaining in wood after drying were released during pelleting. When sawdust with higher moisture content was used in the pellets press, the terpene emissions were increased. Terpenes emitted naturally from vegetation can have an adverse environmental impact. Factors affecting terpene emissions from tree species in Sweden were reviewed (4). Models for prediction of terpene fluxes should include not only temperature but also light intensity, seasonal variation, and a base level of herbivory and insect predation. Prediction of high concentrations of ambient terpenes demand sufficient resolution to capture emission peaks e.g. those caused by bud break.
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| 4. |
- Granström, Karin
(author)
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Utvärdering av miljöanpassat reningsverk i Hammarö kommun ur ett kretsloppsperspektiv : förstudie för etablering av nollpunkt
- 2005
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Reports (pop. science, debate, etc.)abstract
- Hammarö kommun bygger ett nytt reningsverk för avloppsvatten och organiskt hushållsavfall. Reningsverket består av en förbehandling, ett aktivt slamsteg samt en efterföljande våtmark. Slammet hygieniseras i en våtkompost och avvattnas i en vassbädd. Avrinningen ska vara fosforrik och användas för kombinerad gödsling och bevattning. Avvattnat slam ska användas som jordförbättringsmedel. Syftet med reningsverket är att få till ett lokalt kretslopp av organiskt hushållsavfall, och minskade avfallstransporter. Hammarö kommun ligger i Värmland vid Klarälvens mynning i Vänern. Utanför centralorten finns spridd permanent bebyggelse och omfattande fritidsbebyggelse utan anslutning till kommunalt vatten och avlopp. Marken karakteriseras av berg i dagen, tunn jordmån, och lera eller tät morän. Infiltration som reningsmetod har därmed dåliga förutsättningar. Med nuvarande enskilda avloppslösningar föreligger stora risker för läckage av näringsämnen till Vänern. Dåligt renat avloppsvatten utgör också en risk för vattenkvaliteten i enskilda brunnar. Syftet med rapporten är att före byggandet av Hammarös nya reningsverk klargöra storleken på flöden av näringsämnen och mängden transporter av hushållsavfall i området. Detta för att etablera den nollpunkt som behövs för att senare kunna bedöma vilka förbättringar som uppnåtts med det nya reningskonceptet. Från hushåll på östra Hammarö går 930 kg kväve och 120 kg fosfor till det nuvarande reningsverket på Vidön, medan 2100 kg kväve och 370 kg fosfor läcker ut till omgivningen. Transportarbetet på Hammarö för sopor, latrin, slam och tankinnehåll är ca 21000 km per år. Detta fördelar sig på sopor 3900 km/år, latrin 480 km/år, slam 5700 km/år och tankinnehåll 11000 km/år.
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| 5. |
- Wallbaum, Holger, 1967, et al.
(author)
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Wirtschaftlichkeit, Qualität und Ressourcenschutz in der Bauwirtschaft durch ganzheitliches Planen
- 2005
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In: Materialeffizienz. Potenziale bewerten, Innovationen fördern, Beschäftigung sichern, Liedtke, Christa, Busch, Timo, oekom Verlag, München, Deutschland. - 3936581819 ; , s. 161-173
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Book chapter (other academic/artistic)
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| 8. |
- Ackermann, Thomas
(author)
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Transmission Systems for Offshore Wind Farms
- 2005
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In: Wind Power in Power Systems. - Chichester, UK : John Wiley & Sons. - 0470855088 - 9780470855089 ; , s. 479-503
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Book chapter (other academic/artistic)
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| 9. |
- Admass, Muluneh
(author)
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3-D numerical modeling of flow and sediment transport in rivers
- 2005
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Licentiate thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The fully integrated 3-D, time dependant, hydrodynamic and sediment transport numerical model ECOMSED was used to simulate flow and sediment transport in rivers. ECOMSED was originally developed for large water bodies such as lakes and oceans and solves the primitive equations of RANS along with a second order turbulence model in an orthogonal curvilinear σ- coordinate system. The availability of the model as an open FORTRAN source code made modifications and addition of new models possible. A new bed load transport model was implemented in the code as well as improvements in treatment of river roughness parameterization, bed form effects, and automatic update of flow depth due to bed evolution. The model was applied to 1- km long reach of the River Klarälven, Sweden, where it bifurcates into two west and east channels. The water surface and the flow division in the channels were made in agreement with field data by spatially varying the roughness. However, the spatial distribution of the bed shear stress was not realistic. Improvements were made in the bottom boundary condition to represent the variable effects of bed forms on roughness depending on the flow regime and the flow depth. The improved model realistically reproduced the flow field as well as the sediment transport processes in the river Klarälven.
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| 10. |
- Ahlman, Stefan, 1973, et al.
(author)
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A modelling tool for simulation of sources and fluxes in wastewater systems: Focus on stormwater source control
- 2005
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In: Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Urban Drainage, August 21-26 2005 / Eva Eriksson, Hülya Genc-Fuhrman, Jes Vollertsen, Anna Ledin, Thorkild Hvitved-Jacobsen, Peter Steen Mikkelsen.
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A modelling tool called STORM/SEWSYS has been proposed that makes it possible to simulate different scenarios of stormwater source control practices. Source control is an important method to reduce runoff volumes and peak flows, and at the same time improving the stormwater quality. The modelling concepts of two previously developed models, STORM and SEWSYS, have been combined and integrated to make it possible to use the new tool to simulate different stormwater source control practices. Various structural measures such as detention and re-use, swales and soakaways, catch-basins, wetlands, ponds, porous paving, and non-structural methods like public regulations or street sweeping are source control techniques that have been incorporated in the modelling framework of the tool. The STORM/SEWSYS model provides simulation techniques to evaluate changes to the hydrological cycle and hydrological risks in urban catchments. A detailed pollutant transport module where pollutants from different activities in the urban area are separated in their respective origin; material corrosion, brake wear, tyre wear etc. is included in the model and facilitates quality source control. This paper describes the new integrated sources and flux model STORM/SEWSYS and discusses the new possibilities the modelling approach will bring forward.
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