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- Berndes, Göran, 1966, et al.
(author)
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Bioenergy expansion in the EU: Cost-effective climate change mitigation, employment creation and reduced dependency on imported fuels
- 2007
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In: Energy Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0301-4215. ; 35:12, s. 5965-5979
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Presently, the European Union (EU) is promoting bioenergy. The aim of this paper is to study the prospects for using domestic biomass resources in Europe and specifically to investigate whether different policy objectives underlying the promotion of bioenergy (cost-effective climate change mitigation, employment creation and reduced dependency on imported fuels) agree on which bioenergy options that should be used. We model bioenergy use from a cost-effectiveness perspective with a linear regionalized energy- andtransport-system model and perform supplementary analysis. It is found that the different policy objectives do not agree on the order of priority among bioenergy options. Maximizing climate benefits cost-effectively is in conflict with maximizing employment creation. The former perspective proposes the use of lignocellulosic biomass in the stationary sector, while the latter requires biofuels for transport based on traditional agricultural crops. Further, from a security-of-supply perspective, the appeal of a given bioenergy option depends on how oil and gas import dependencies are weighed relative to each other. Consequently, there are tradeoffs that need to be addressed by policymakers promoting the use of bioenergy. Also, the importance of bioenergy in relation to employment creation and fuel import dependency reduction needs to be further addressed.
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| 3. |
- Granström, Karin
(author)
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Utvärdering av miljöanpassat reningsverk i Hammarö kommun ur ett kretsloppsperspektiv : minskning av transportarbete och näringsläckage
- 2007
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Reports (pop. science, debate, etc.)abstract
- Hammarö kommuns reningsverk vid Sätter har biologisk rening av kväve och fosfor. Det byggdes för att få bort ineffektiva enskilda avlopp och istället skapa ett ekologiskt hållbart kretslopp för lokalt återbruk av avlopp och organiskt hushållsavfall. Ledningsnätet är ännu inte fullt utbyggt. Här analyseras vinsterna med de olika faserna i en kommande utbyggnad av ledningsnätet. Att hushållsavfallets organiska del transporteras i avloppsledningarna har hittills inte påverkat soprutter eller hämtningsfrekvens, så transportarbetet för sopor är oförändrat. Genomslaget för avfallskvarnar är när denna studie görs 35%, vilket inte är tillräckligt för att märkbart påverka sopmängderna. En större acceptans för avfallskvarnar behövs. Om nuvarande genomslag i befintlig bebyggelse kvarstår, men avfallskvarn blir obligatoriskt i nybyggda områden, så minskar mängden näringsämnen i de sopor som går till förbränning med 54%. Transportarbetet för slam från östra Hammarö var före byggandet av Sätterverket 12600 km/år. Det minskar till 5500 km/år efter utbyggnaden av ledningsnät till Rud och Torp, till 3000 km/år när ledningsnät dragits till östraste Hammarö, för att helt upphöra när Tynäs kopplas på. I södra Hammarö behålls enskilda avlopp, men transportavståndet för producerat slam blir kortare. Transporterna minskar därför från 4500 km/år till 4200 km/år, vilket motsvarar 170 liter drivmedel. Ett fullt utbyggt ledningsnät på östra Hammarö reducerar transporterna med 60%, vilket motsvarar en drivmedelsförbrukning på 6900 liter/år. När anslutningen av Rud och Torp är genomförd minskar läckaget av kväve med 1080 kg och av fosfor med 190 kg. Inkoppling av östraste Hammarö minskar näringsämnesläckaget med 480 kg kväve och 85 kg fosfor. När Tynäs ansluts minskas läckaget med ytterligare 542 kg kväve och 95 kg fosfor.
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| 4. |
- Hassellöv, Ida-Maja, 1974
(author)
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Pre-study of ship wreck risk assessment and remediation
- 2007
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- In the Skagerrak there are 261 ship wrecks which have been identifi ed as potentially polluting wrecks. Twenty of these are located close to the Swedish coast, within the Västra Götaland County. The majority of the potentially polluting wrecks originate from the Second World War, hence many are heavily corroded and some are already leaking oil. In Sweden this problem has been discussed now and then since the mid seventies, yet there is no legislation regulating the liability for preventive actions to avoid future oil spills from the actual wrecks. This pre-study highlights potentially polluting wrecks in the Skagerrak, but the problem is present along the rest of the Swedish coastline. Therefore, there is a need for the establishment of a national database over recognized potentially polluting wrecks. Present salvage technology allows for offl oading the oil onboard the wrecks, but the remediation operation can be very expensive (about 20-250 million SEK per wreck). This cost has to be compared to the socioeconomic consequences occurring in case of a sudden leak of the corresponding amount of oil along the coast. To ensure that the environmental benefi ts of a remediation are economically justifi ed, it is of great importance to initially conduct a detailed wreck assessment which in addition to verifi cation of the amount and type of oil onboard, also ascertains that wreck stability will allow remediation. The cost of such an assessment ranges from 0.5-2 million SEK per ship wreck. To fi nance both ship wreck assessment and remediation of wrecks where no owner can be held responsible, establishment of a fund similar to that intended for remediation of contaminated land sites could be used. Additionally, the formation of a national competence centre to support the fund, gather knowledge in the fi eld of ship wreck assessment and remediation and coordinate actions is recommended.
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| 6. |
- Ahlgren, Erik, 1962, et al.
(author)
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Biokombi Rya - slutrapporter från ingående delprojekt
- 2007
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Inom projektet Biokombi Rya har ett flertal olika forskargrupper samarbetat för att studera system¬effekterna av förgasning av biobränsle ur olika aspekter. Syftet med projektet är att öka kunskapen om biobränsleförgasning i Sverige samt att utreda förutsättningar för att sådana anläggningar ska vara ekonomiskt och miljömässigt intressanta. En referensgrupp har varit kopplad till projektet där förutsättningar, resultat och slutsatser har behandlats.I denna underlagsrapport har slutrapporterna från projektets delprojekt samlats. De beskriver förutsättningar, metodansatser, använda data och resultat utförligt och utgör på så sätt ett viktigt komplement till den mer övergripande beskrivningen i projektets syntesrapport. De delrapporter som ingår har valts för att täcka in samtliga delar av projektet som är av allmänt intresse. Projektresultat som publicerats på annat sätt berörs dock mer kortfattat.Projektet Biokombi Rya har pågått under två år (2005-2006) och drivits av Chalmers EnergiCentrum. Förutom de omfattande analysinsatser som författarna till denna rapport står för, har Avdelningen för kemisk teknologi vid KTH, Siemens Industrial Turbines AB och Göteborg Energi AB bidragit med expertstöd. CIT Industriell Energianalys, med undertecknad som projektledare, har stått för projektledning och koordination.Projektet har finansierats av Energimyndigheten, Göteborg Energis forsknings¬stiftelse samt Göteborg Energi AB.
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| 7. |
- Andersson, Eva Ingeborg Elisabeth, 1956
(author)
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Benefits of Integrated Upgrading of Biofuels in Biorefineries - Systems Analysis
- 2007
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- As a result of increasing concerns about climate change, there is considerable current interest in increasing use of CO2-neutral biofuel in the energy system. Increased use of biomass fuel requires that it be upgraded in order to facilitate transportation and distribution to end-users. Advanced level upgrading is necessary if biomass is to be used as a transportation fuel. Biomass upgrading requires energy, and the conversion efficiency can be maximized if achieved in energy-efficient biorefinery processes. The main objective of this thesis is to analyze biorefinery concepts with respect to energy efficiency, profitability and CO2 emissions. Special attention is paid to integrated biorefinery concepts in which a biofuel upgrading production process is integrated with another process enabling exchange of useful energy or material streams. The thesis aims at quantifying the extent to which such integrated concepts are more profitable, energy efficient and CO2-lean than stand-alone production units.The biorefinery processes evaluated are pellet production and hydrogen production from gasified black liquor integrated with a pulp mill, and hydrogen production from gasified biomass integrated with a natural gas combined cycle heat and power plant. These processes are evaluated using different possible future energy market scenarios.Pellet production integrated with a pulp mill is shown to be beneficial from a CO2 perspective. The economic benefits depend on the biomass dryer technology used for integrated pellet production, which tend to be more costly compared to the Stand-alone pellet production. However, integrated pellet production benefits from surplus material, common personnel and infrastructure available at the site.If gasified, black liquor can be used for increased electricity production or for synthesis of e.g. methanol and hydrogen. Hydrogen production from gasified black liquor has the greatest potential for net CO2 reduction in four of five future energy market scenarios used for the evaluation. This indicates that for many possible future scenarios, hydrogen production from gasified black liquor will be an efficient way to use biofuel. Hydrogen production enables pre-combustion carbon capture and storage and this contributes to profitability and CO2 emissions reduction.A final conclusion is that it is important to adopt a systems perspective when performing studies to identify the most effective ways to use limited biomass for resources when developing sustainable energy system solutions for the future.
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| 9. |
- Andersson-Sköld, Yvonne, 1957-, et al.
(author)
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Coal tar-containing asphalt : Resource or hazardous waste?
- 2007
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In: Journal of Industrial Ecology. - : Wiley-Blackwell. - 1088-1980 .- 1530-9290. ; 11:4, s. 99-116
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Coal tar was used in Sweden for the production of asphalt and for the drenching of stabilization gravel until 1973. The tar has high concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), some of which may be strongly carcinogenic. Approximately 20 million tonnes of tar-containing asphalt is present in the public roads in Sweden. Used asphalt from rebuilding can be classified as hazardous waste according to the Swedish Waste Act. The cost of treating the material removed as hazardous waste can be very high due to the large amount that has to be treated, and the total environmental benefit is unclear. The transport of used asphalt to landfill or combustion will affect other environmental targets. The present project, based on three case studies of road projects in Sweden, evaluates the consequences of four scenarios for handling the material: reuse, landfill, biological treatment, and incineration. The results show that reuse of the coal tar-containing materials in new road construction is the most favorable alternative in terms of cost, material use, land use, energy consumption, and air emissions.
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| 10. |
- Andreas, Lale, et al.
(author)
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Use of secondary materials in landfill constructions
- 2007
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In: SARDINIA 2007. - Cagliari : CISA, Environmental Sanitary Engineering Centre. - 9788862650038
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Many landfills are subject to closure in the near future. Roughly 2,000 hectares of landfill area have to be covered only in Sweden, equivalent to about 100 million tonnes of construction material. In addition to material costs in the order of tens of billions Euro, this also puts a strain on the environment through the exploitation of non-renewable virgin construction materials. Many landfill operators are considering alternative cover designs and materials in order to reduce resource spending. However, there is a fair amount of uncertainty with regard to functional and environmental consequences of using alternative (secondary) materials, both from the side of the companies and the authorities. This paper gives an overview over potential waste based construction materials and the use of some of them in projects presently ongoing in Sweden.Research on the use of secondary materials in landfill covers is quite recent. Substitutes for natural or synthetic materials in a landfill cover can be various types of waste from process industry, construction and demolition, or comparable activities. Alternative materials that have been investigated are ashes, slags, sewage and fibre sludges, treated soils and compost. Table 1 gives an overview over potential waste based construction materials. The total of potential materials is well in excess of the material needs for landfill construction, but they may not be available at the right time, place or quality.Besides being economically viable, the substitute materials should have suitable technical and environmental properties in order to secure a proper function of the construction. Experiences from three field studies (landfills at Tveta/Södertälje, Hagfors and Alvkarleby) are discussed looking at relevant issues during 1) construction, 2) active after care phase, and 3) long term processes.Using SCM poses additional problems compared to using conventional materials. Often, the supply of material has to be planned in advance and the materials may have to be stored on site. Storing, however, can cause problems if the materials have properties that change over time e.g. due to climate. For other materials storing may be necessary in order to achieve desired properties. One example is the ageing of strongly alkaline materials that react with atmospheric carbon dioxide and thus obtain better leaching properties. Table 1 Overview over potential waste based construction materials and examplesSourceExamplesMining and mineral industryWaste rock, flotation sand, etc...Construction and demolition (C&D)Crushed concrete, gypsum, asphalt, reinforced polymers, woodProcess industryDifferent types of slag from steel making, green liquor and fibre sludge from paper production, ashes and foundry wastesWastewater treatmentDigested sewage sludge, sandIncinerationBottom ash, fly ashThe evidence is mounting that the desired technical function of a landfill cover can be attained using suitable combinations of secondary construction materials. So far, all three field tests indicate leachate amounts between less then one and 30 l (m2 yr)-1 below the liner. In comparison with the average annual precipitation of about 600 mm yr-1 at the Swedish East coast, only 0.2-5 % of the precipitation seeped through the liner so far; i.e. the leachate generation is reduced with about 90 % or more.The issue is more if the materials may cause adverse impacts of the landfill and its recipients. A low water infiltration through the liner means that the most of infiltrating water is removed as drainage water and thus the leaching of the layers above the liner are of the greatest concern.Infiltrating water will yield a liquid to solid ratio of about 1-2 l kg-1 in the layers above the liner after about 10 years. The most mobile elements, such as nitrogen, will be leached to a great extent already at such low L/S ratios, so a forecast with regard to the need of treatment of drainage water points at about two to three decades.In the long term perspective the mineral changes of the construction materials become important. E.g. one of the incentives for using fly ash in liners is their capacity for chemical-mineralogical changes leading to the formation of clay-like structures. This could mean that a liner built of ashes will attain a lower permeability over time. Other mineral changes that can occur in ashes include the trapping of metals in the structure, e g in clay and carbonate phases.Much is still to be learned about the long term processes and the factors that control them. Ongoing studies include the assessment of climatic variables, different material combinations as well as the impact of landfill gases.The following conclusions can be drawn:The use of secondary materials in construction is important due to substantial resource and environmental impacts. An increased use should be beneficial, provided that the problems of using such materials can be managed.In addition to legislative and bureaucratic barriers, there are also practical issues which need to be dealt with in order to pave the way for a wider use of alternative construction materials. In the construction phase more planning is needed due to temporal and geographical limitation of the material availability. Some materials are not ready for immediate use but need to be pre-treated. All of these factors may cause a need for more space and time. A system for quality assurance comparable to that of traditional construction materials is another issue that needs to be resolved. Most likely some kind of legislative pressure is needed for this.In the medium term leaching of pollutants from the construction materials may be the most important issue when using secondary construction materials, which underlines the double standards applied, since traditional construction materials will not be scrutinized in the same manner. Anyhow, the long term interactions between materials and their environment need to be considered and further studies are necessary for secondary construction materials as well as for conventional materials. Existing data indicate both possibilities and problems.In the long term issues of material interactions will remain and the mechanical impact of mineral changes in the secondary construction materials may be added to the list of issues to clarify. Some of the material changes may be beneficial for the function of the construction, e.g. clay formation in liner materials may make them more impervious, but there may also be negative changes caused by deteriorated material properties. The rate and extent of such processes and the factors that enhance or retard them need to be understood better.Secondary construction materials have always been used and some of the "traditional" materials used today were wastes before. There is no reason to believe that this development should not continue.
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