1.
Hyvönen, Ulf, 1955-
(författare)
Om barns fadersbild
1993
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt) abstract
The aim of this study is to describe and to interpret how fathers are concieved by their children. Various aspects of the male parent and the relationship between the child and his or her father are beeing investigated from the childs point of view. Forming an understanding of the fathers significance from the childs perspective is of particular importance for the study. This perspective is being formulated from a position that looks upon the childs socialization and the identityshaping processes as primarily a matter of "what children do with what is done to children".The empirical data in the study was obtained by interviewing one hundred children, seven and ten year old girls and boys, partly from Umeå and partly from some small villages a few swedish miles away from the town. The semistructured interviews were made with children from five different schools and from eighteen different school-classes.Data show that a vast majority describe a fairly close relationship to a father with clearly anti-patriarchal characteristics. The middle-class father is seen as a more family-oriented parent, more equal to his spouse than the working-class father who is more likely of beeing described in traditional terms. Some gender-related patterns are shown that concerns different orientations towards the father. While the boys tend to view their fathers in direct relation to themselves - him and me - the girls are more likely to describe their male parents as familyfathers and from a perspective that sees him as a partner to the mother.From the characterization the children made of their fathers from the family-drawings, four different cateogories, representing various perspectives on the father, were identified: The Positive, the Ambigous, the Disappointed and the Neutral.The symbolic interactionism, based on the works of George H. Mead, is argued to be a fruitful theoretical framework for understanding the socializationprocess in which the childs concepts of its father are being shaped. From a perspective on the cultural modernization and its impacts on parenting and the relationship between fathers and children, it is also claimed that there are reasons to beleive that the tendencies of release from a traditional determination not only put new burdons on parents and children in modern society, but also provide a widening of possibilities and a powerful potential for forming more "normalized", non-authoritarian and non-oppressive, interaction-based relations betweenchildren and their fathers.
2.
Alalehto, Tage
(författare)
Teknik och konflikt : LKAB 1946-1987
1992
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt) abstract
This thesis examines the connection between technological dependence of mankind and its attitudes towards it. The issue is to what extent technological change in the workplace is a generator of conflict or a creator of consensus?The subject of the study is the Swedish mining company LKAB during the period 1946-1987. The case study concentrates on the approaches to new technology by the local union leadership and the LKAB company management.The analysis is carried out through a classification scheme over job- functions, divided into four functional categories. The classification is ranging from manually inclined work on the end to highly automized work on the other pole. The results show a clear and unquestionable development of mechanization. At the next level of analysis the focus is on approaches and ways of relating mechanization by the two parties took on the question, and how this influenced the relationships between the two parties. The final results show that technological change in general is a creator of consensus. However, at the same time, technological change is an unequeal process because the company commands control over three kinds of power resources; ownership, the legislative right of paragraph 32 and the monopoly of technological expertis. Organized labour can only try to attain technological knowledge and high levels of worker support.
3.
Ekström, Marianne, 1934-
(författare)
Kost, klass och kön
1990
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt) abstract
The aim of this study is to analyse the importance of social factors and social relations around food preparation.Methods used: a questionnaire, a food diary kept by the person(s) responsible for food preparation in the family and a number of interviews. 348 families from the counties of Uppsala and Umeå with at least one child under 18 years of age filled in the formulas.The kitchen is a working-place where women dominate as workers. Class has a considerable effect on patterns of meals, on methods used for food preparation and on the choice of food and dishes. The division of labour is auso effected, members of the family are more involved in the process of food preparation when the mother is a higher non-manual employee or self-employed.Distinctions revealed when reading the diaries with Bourdieu's conceptions in mind were of three kinds. One dimension is geografical, an other dimension is that of age. The third dimension is class. Upper-class families distinguished themselves by using more extras and more elaborate ways of labelling the gravy, the vegetables, the dishes themselves. They also had more alcohol with the dinner. Still another dimension is the gender power system. The results from the interviews revealed two patterns. One is that women express in various ways that there are conflicting goals involved, hard to cope with satisfactorily. The other is that there is a great variety of ways the couples deal with the gender system - men's open or hidden domination and women's open or hidden subordination.
4.
Ericsson, Thomas, 1946-
(författare)
Systematisk arbetsvärdering : ett lönesättningsinstrument i närbild
1991
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt) abstract
The subject of the thesis is systematic job evaluation for purposes of local wage determination for blue-collar jobs within the Swedish industry. The method is examined from a general wage-determination as well as from a gender equality perspective. The thesis is based on e.g. documents from the parties, on interviews with representatives of employers and unions at the central and local level, and on interviews with persons participating in job evaluation work in some companies. An analysis is made of one of the most common job evaluation systems, including the changes it has undergone since the 1950s.The use of a job evaluation system implies that a linkage is made between /certain/job demands and wages. It also means that this linkage is made in a systematic way. Systematics might, in its turn, imply consistency, rigidity and explicity. The thesis examines the significance of a linkage demands-wages and of consistency, rigidity and explicity for the parties' attitudes towards the method; as a purpose or as a means to achieve other goals. It demonstrates that the employers' problems to recruit labour and a desire for an increased wage differentiation has constituted a major reason for using the systems.The job evaluation system examined does not consider, or gives low weight to, certain demands which are common in female-dominated jobs.Various circumstances in the evaluation work process which provide it with scope for consideration are identified. This scope for consideration may disfavour female-dominated jobs. The thesis claims that the scope for consideration yet is less than in an unsystematic overall assessment of différencies in job demands between various jobs.A completed systematic job evaluation offers a basis for speaking of "work of equal value" in the sense of the Swedish Equal Opportunities Act, and forces the employer to explain possible différencies in the terms of employment when the points allotted are equal. It is unclear whether the court has to accept the application of the system made by the parties, or whether it could make its own evaluation with the same system. So far, no case concerning work of equal value has been settled in court.
5.
Halleröd, Björn, 1960-
(författare)
Den svenska fattigdomen : en studie av fattigdom och socialbidragstagande
1991
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt) abstract
In the thesis three main questions are analyzed: (a) How should poverty be defined? (b) What are the empirical implications of the choice of definition? (c) Why did the number of people, receiving social assistance increase during the first half of the 1980s?The development of social assistance in Sweden during the twentieth century and some of the more important studies of social assistance in Sweden are presented. The presentation is followed by a theoretical exposition of Swedish and international poverty research. The focus of attention is on how poverty is defined and measured and a classification of different approaches in poverty research is made. It is also emphasized that it is impossible to give an objective definition of poverty.Thereafter an empirical analysis that compares three different poverty definitions is made. The first definition defines the poor as those whose disposal income falls under the standard norm for social assistance. In the second definition the poor are defined as those who experience 'multiple deprivation'. The final definition regards those who receive social assistance as the poor. The data-set used was the Survey of Living Conditions conducted by Statistics Sweden in 1986 and 1987. It is shown that about 21 percent of the Swedish population between the ages 18 and 84 are poor in accordance with one of these definitions. Some 3.4 percent are poor according to at least two definitions, while only half a percent of the population is poor according to all three definitions. The results demonstrate that the choice of poverty definition is crucial in determining which section of the population is going to be classified as poor. An analysis of the causes of poverty reveals that the causal explanation of poverty is also dependent upon which definition is used. Thus, the concept of poverty does not refer to a single social phenomenon. Poverty is a heterogeneous concept and the choice of definition will decide which social phenomenon that is studied.The thesis closes with an emphasis on those who receive social assistance. First time recipients from 1980 are compared with first time recipients from 1985. There was no indication that the increase in social assistance during the first half of the 1980s is connected with any radically new patterns in the distribution of recipients. Unemployment seems to have been the primary explanation for the occurrence of social assistance for both these groups. It must, nevertheless be pointed out that a recipience of social assistance was usually connected with a complex situation in the individual case.
6.
Hägg, Kerstin, 1937-
(författare)
Kvinnor och män i Kiruna : om kön och vardag i förändring i ett modernt gruvsamhälle 1900-1990
1993
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt) abstract
This is a study of sex/gender relations and everyday life in Kiruna - a mining town in the north of Sweden where people began to settle around 1900.The focus is on various aspects of the situation for young women and men and on analyses of changes in the concepts of femininity and masculinity, the social construction of sexuality and the norm system that regulates sex/gender relations.The study has a qualitative approach. Different types of empirical data are used but the essential material consists of interviews. The thesis is structured in five parts with a prologue and an epilogue. Theoretical starting-points, aims, methods and empirical material are presented in part I. Descriptions and analysis of various periods are dealt with in the three following parts. Changes in sex/gender relations are summarized and analysed in part V.The contribution of women was very important in the building up of Kiruna during the settlement period. The roles of the sexes were clearly defined regarding work responsibilities and moral rules and remained so until the middle of the century.The bounderies between what were considered women's and men's spheres became less rigid during the fifties. Young women were less stricly supervised but the norm system concerning sexual relations was still very strict. This is an ongoing process that manifests itself in changes in the norm system and in sex/gender relations. These bounderies between women's and men's worlds, between femininity and masculinity, are more varied and open but in some respects more diffuse and contradictory. The divison of labour is obvious both in the labour market and in education after comprehensive school. Among young people this does not seem to affect the ideal of equal opportunity - the generally accepted ideology - as it is mainly connected with the divison of labour in the family. Central to the negotiations between the sexes are matters concerning accessibility for the needs of others, the use of time, and ongoing changes in the traditional division between men's dependence on and women's responsibility for care and attention.
7.
Lindqvist, Rafael
(författare)
Från folkrörelse till välfärdsbyråkrati : det svenska sjukförsäkringssystemets utveckling 1900-1990
1990
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt) abstract
This thesis describes and analyses the transformation of the Swedish sickness insurance and the specific character of the modern sickness insurance system. It deals with the capacity or the sickness insurance to create social integration and cohesion.The emergence of various voluntary sickness insurance societies at the end of the 19th century was a counter-movement and a reaction against market society and laissez-faire. In the first half of the 20th century the sickness insurance societies became increasingly regulated, state-subsidized and bureaucratized. After preparatory parliamentary committee work in the 1940s the National Sickness Insurance was introduced in 1955. This political reform process its agents and contradictions are studied in detail.Several theoretical perspectives are used to explain the transformation of the sickness insurance: approaches that emphasize the "logic of industrialism", power resources, constitutional factors and state autonomy.The analysis of the modern sickness insurance is organized with the help of three concepts: bureaucracy, efficiency and legitimacy. The bureaucratic character is evident. The volume and differentiation of tasks have increased. The number of employed has grown with new experts and specialized professionals. The formal hierarchy has been extended and power become more centralized.Two aspects of efficiency are emphasized. Individual efficiency includes the scope and generosity of sickness benefits. Societal efficiency encompasses control mechanisms for sickness-related absence and administrative costs. It is argued that the development of the sickness insurance has implied expansion of individual efficiency at the expense of societal efficiency.In terms of legitimacy the period from the 1960s until the mid-1970s the majority of the political parties, labour market organizations and the public opinion was in favour of expanding the sickness insurance. However, in recent years a shift towards more critical views of the bureaucratic form of insurance and the high level of sickness-related absence has occured.In conclusion it is argued that the Swedish national sickness insurance programme is well integrated in the economic and wage labour systems (system integration). Increasing sickness-related absence and costs are, however, seen as signs of growing system disintegration. But on the whole the sickness insurance has been capable of creating social cohesion as all social classes are included in the same insurance programme with similar conditions for all. The system has until now enjoyed relatively wide-range support from a majority of social groups and organized interests.
8.
Karlsson, Urban
(författare)
Den obefintliga framtiden : en studie om en nedläggningshotad gruvby i fjällen
1990
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt) abstract
Klimpfjäll is a mountain village in the south of Lappland. In the middle of the 1970's a mine was set up in Stekenjokk about 20 km west of Klimpfjäll. A new housing estate was built, as an extension of Klimpfjäll, to accommodate the miners (about 170 people) and their families. This new part of Klimpfjäll was named, by the local inhabitants, Nybyn (The New Village), and the original village became known as Gammelbyn (The Old Village).For many of the people, the move to Nybyn was not just a case of being provided with the opportunity to earn a living. It was part of a life-objective.However, this way of life had an obstacle; the mine had a limited lifespan. A number of Nybyn's inhabitants could possibly remain in the village, even after the closing of the mine, but for the majority this was an impossibility. Nevertheless, the people still believed in the possibility of "saving" Nybyn as a whole, despite the unreasonableness of that belief. This was also the belief held by the local council, the state and the mining company.I have named this phenomenon "mystification". The future of Klimpfjäll became a mystery. The people would rather not discuss the future of Klimpfjäll because they know that it does not exist, they, nevertheless, want to believe in it. It is this mystification that made the establishment of the mine possible, and which holds Nybyn together socially.The Social Welfare Service in Vilhelmina had, for a long time, regarded Klimpfjäll as a social problem. The problem was defined as being traditional social problems, due partly to addiction and partly to loneliness. For this reason an action research project was started. But the real problem for the people of Nybyn was the uncertainty of the future. The project was doomed to fail.Why should the people of Nybyn "go to evening classes" when their village was being threatened with closure? The project became just one element in the continuing mystification.It was not possible to redefine the project as a "survival project", since everyone wanted to believe in a continue future for the mine.In this study I have attempted to understand why it was impossible for the action research project to succeed. In understanding its failure I believe that we can also understand the people of Klimpfjäll.
9.
Lagnebro, Lillemor, 1935-
(författare)
Finska krigsbarn
1994
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt) abstract
The worlds largest exodus of children is considered the transfer of circa 70,000 children from Finland to Sweden from 1939 to 1945. The experience of the Finnish war children contains a distinctive wealth of knowledge which should not be lost. It is important from a social and cultural-anthropological point of view to pass on this collection of experiences without misrepresentation and to interpret the material to the best of my ability. Childhood experiences have a great psychological importance on how an adult his/her life. When a person's social world changes, their psychological world is also threatened. This is what happened to the Finnish war children. To be a foster child, to be a war child, to be a Finnish war foster child entails something very distinctive. Such a child has experienced separation and break-up from the biological family, confrontation with the foster family or orphanage, sometimes difficult experiences from the war itself and a change of language and culture, all of which can be very traumatic. The Finnish war children were "child refugees" and their experiences must be understood on this basis. Finnish war children represent a unique event in our chaotic world. Therefore, one can say that my interpretation has a limited scope. I cannot refer to the broader "immigrant debate." My research is of a special character and my material is unique! In our world there are countless child refugees, children who live in extremely exposed conditions and who have lost their parents. About the Finnish war children's experience it has been said that "it may not happen again". This is a very careless statement - what do we know of the world's future? No, this may not happen again. But it can happen again. The Finnish war children remember experiences which are frightening and fascinating, but which are also important for us to understand and learn from in order to be able to deal with children who are in that most exposed of situations - refugees from war and persecution, but without the protection of a parent.
