| 1. |
- Weston, David J., et al.
(författare)
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The Sphagnome Project : enabling ecological and evolutionary insights through a genus-level sequencing project
- 2018
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Ingår i: New Phytologist. - : Wiley. - 0028-646X .- 1469-8137. ; 217:1, s. 16-25
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Considerable progress has been made in ecological and evolutionary genetics with studies demonstrating how genes underlying plant and microbial traits can influence adaptation and even 'extend' to influence community structure and ecosystem level processes. Progress in this area is limited to model systems with deep genetic and genomic resources that often have negligible ecological impact or interest. Thus, important linkages between genetic adaptations and their consequences at organismal and ecological scales are often lacking. Here we introduce the Sphagnome Project, which incorporates genomics into a long-running history of Sphagnum research that has documented unparalleled contributions to peatland ecology, carbon sequestration, biogeochemistry, microbiome research, niche construction, and ecosystem engineering. The Sphagnome Project encompasses a genus-level sequencing effort that represents a new type of model system driven not only by genetic tractability, but by ecologically relevant questions and hypotheses.
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| 2. |
- Berríos-Negrón, Luis
(författare)
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Greenhouse Superstructures as Social Pedestals : displaying site-specific non-locality as a possible form of resilience
- 2015
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Ingår i: Architecture and Resilience on the Human Scale. - Sheffield, UK : University of Sheffield. ; , s. 70-71
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In this paper I will propose that greenhouse superstructures are not just the surface envelop of an industrial typology: they are more so a spatial archetype. As such, they are historiographical boundary objects that at times display the spatiotemporal dimensions and geopolitical flows of environmental form in accelerated climate change. This abovementioned hypothesis is reflected through the manifold of “resilience” as defined by Prof. Lawrence Vale - of resilience being “a window into conflicting human values”. The aim of this effort is to ultimately centre the manifold notion of “greenhouse” as an index that points away from itself towards the impact of anthropological and technocratic ideologies on agricultural and spatial production. It is these binary ideologies that arguably create what we sense to be a crisis of scale, now further articulated as the hyperobject of climate change as a disjuncture that we nostalgically entertain as a chasm between the human condition and the living environment. Parsed by augmenting the notion of 'greenhouse superstructure' – as technology, gas, and effect – the hypothesis looks to articulate the greenhouse as a 'site-specific non-local' sensation on the expanding sculptural field. What this expanding sculptural netherworld implies needs to be rigorously addressed for it may very well become what tautologically heightens the greenhouse to the providence of becoming our future atmosphere and landscape. To elaborate this potentiality, I will first present the schematics and precedents of the dissertation, including four installations of my authorship in Germany, Brazil, and Sweden. These sections then lead to an argument instantiated by thinking of the greenhouse as 'social pedestal'. The objective is therefore to embody the notion of non-local site-specific resilience as modes of pedagogy and production that aspire to destabilise the anthropological machine, as resilient modes not limited to historic, scientific, artistic, correlational, nor speculative conventions.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Carvalho, Ricardo, 1985-, et al.
(författare)
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Household Bioenergy Transitions with Alternative Biomass Feedstocks and Technologies: An Integrated System to Mitigate Environmental Risks in Western Kenya
- 2018
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In Kenya, over 50% of the total primary energy consumption is from traditional solid-fuel cooking, being this a major cause of deforestation and household air pollution (HAP). Western Kenya has an agricultural biofuel feedstock of over 1.9 million Mt, which could be processed to supply cookstoves with crop-residue pellets and improved wood fallows. The sociotechnical viability of two novel bioenergy value chains were analysed using the Long-Range Energy Alternatives Planning system. Three scenarios of transition to efficient cookstoves and decentralized biofuel and electricity production systems were tested. In the “Optimal scenario”, the current feedstock in the Kisumu and Siaya counties could satisfy over 80% of the cooking energy demand by 2030. Here, the net greenhouse gas emissions from charcoal production and HAP could be reduced by 87% to 12.6 thousand Mt CO2e. Further work should integrate socioeconomic indicators reflecting additional local/regional stakeholders´ collaboration channels (cost-effective) to support the bioenergy transitions.
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| 5. |
- Bandau, Franziska, 1982-
(författare)
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Importance of tannins for responses of aspen to anthropogenic nitrogen enrichment
- 2016
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Boreal forests are often strongly nitrogen (N) limited. However, human activities are leading to increased N inputs into these ecosystems, through atmospheric N deposition and forest fertilization. N input into boreal forests can promote net primary productivity, increase herbivore and pathogen damage, and shift plant species composition and community structure. Genetic diversity has been suggested as a key mechanism to promote a plant species’ stability within communities in response to environmental change. Within any plant population, specific traits (e.g. growth and defense traits) can vary substantially among individuals, and a greater variation in traits may increase chances for the persistence of at least some individuals of a population, when environmental conditions change. One aspect of plant chemistry that can greatly vary among different genotypes (GTs) are condensed tannin (CTs). These secondary metabolites have been suggested to affect plant performance in many ways, e.g. through influencing plant growth, the interactions of plants with herbivores and pathogens, and through affecting litter decomposition, and hence the return of nutrients to plants. To investigate how genotypic variation in foliar CT production may mediate the effects that anthropogenic N enrichment can have on plant performance and litter decomposition, I performed a series of experiments. For these experiments, aspen (Populus tremula) GTs with contrasting abilities to produce foliar CTs (i.e. low- vs. high-tannin producers) were grown under 3 N conditions, representing ambient N (+0 kg ha-1), upper level atmospheric N deposition (+15 kg ha-1), and forest fertilization rates (+150 kg ha-1). This general experimental set-up was once established in a field-like environment, from which natural enemies were excluded, and once in a field, in which enemies were present. In my first two studies, I investigated tissue chemistry and plant performance in both environments. I observed that foliar CT levels decreased in response to N in the enemy‑free environment (study I), but increased with added N when enemies were present (study II). These opposing responses to N may be explained by differences in soil N availability in the two environments, or by induction of CTs after enemy attack. Enemy damage generally increased in response to N, and was higher in low-tannin than in high-tannin plants across all N levels. Plant growth of high‑tannin plants was restricted under ambient and low N conditions, probably due to a trade-off between growth and defense. This growth constraint for high‑tannin plants was weakened, when high amounts of N were added (study I and II), and when enemy levels were sufficiently high, so that benefits gained through defense could outweigh the costs of defense production (study II). Despite those general responses of low- and high‑tannin producers to added N, I also observed a number of individual responses of GTs to N addition, which in some case were not connected to the intrinsic ability of the GTs to produce foliar CTs. In study III, gene expression levels in young leaves and phenolic pools of the plants that were grown in the enemy‑free environment were studied. This study revealed that gene control over the regulation of the phenylpropanoid pathway (PPP) was distributed across the entire pathway. Moreover, PPP gene expression was higher in high-tannin GTs than in low‑tannin GTs, particularly under ambient N. At the low N level, gene expressions declined for both low- and high-tannin producers, whereas at the high N level expression at the beginning and the end of the PPP was upregulated and difference between tannin groups disappeared. Furthermore, this study showed that phenolic pools were frequently uncorrelated, and that phenolic pools were only to some extent related to tannin production and gene expression. In study IV, I investigated the decomposability of litter from the field plants. I found that N enrichment generally decreased mass loss, but there was substantial genetic variation in decomposition rates, and GTs were differentially responsive to added N. Study IV further showed that CTs only had a weak effect on decomposition, and other traits, such as specific leaf area and the lignin:N ratio, could better explain genotypic difference in mass loss. Furthermore, N addition caused a shift in which traits most strongly influenced decomposition rates. Collectively, the result of these studies highlight the importance of genetic diversity to promote the stability of species in environments that experience anthropogenic change.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Nordin, Annika, et al.
(författare)
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Interdisciplinary science for future governance and management of forests
- 2016
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Ingår i: Ambio. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0044-7447 .- 1654-7209. ; 45, s. S69-S73
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The sustainable use of forests constitutes one of the great challenges for the future due to forests' large spatial coverage, long-term planning horizons and inclusion of many ecosystem services. The mission of the Future Forests programme is to provide a scientifically robust knowledge base for sustainable governance and management of forests preparing for a future characterized by globalization and climate change. In this introduction to the Special Issue, we describe the interdisciplinary science approach developed in close collaboration with actors in the Future Forests programme, and discuss the potential impacts of this science on society. In addition, we introduce the 13 scientific articles and present results produced by the programme.
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| 8. |
- Norstedt, Gudrun, 1965-
(författare)
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A land of one's own : Sami resource use in Sweden's boreal landscape under autonomous governance
- 2018
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The Sami dominated large parts of boreal Sweden well into the 18th century, and knowledge of Sami subsistence patterns is therefore a key to the region’s forest history. Although much research has been done on Sami resource use and landscape impact, the context is often vaguely understood.The aim of this thesis is to contribute to a deeper understanding of Sami land use through studies of resource division, use and management. The focus is on the period from the late 1600s to the late 1800s, a period of declining but still existing autonomous Sami resource governance. Various historical and modern sources have been analysed with an array of methods from different academic disciplines.The results show that the forest Sami’s landscape was almost entirely divided into taxlands in the 17th century and that most lands were held by a single Sami household which controlled the land’s resources. Fishing was the main subsistence mode, although it was combined with hunting, reindeer herding and plant gathering in different proportions. Taxlands were most likely created to divide lakes and rivers. Most of the year, households moved between permanent settlements close to fishing sites, and their settlement pattern is best described as semisedentary.Since each household was in control of its own taxland, resources could be used flexibly. In winter, surplus pastures and hunting grounds were leased to reindeer-herding mountain Sami. During the 18th century, the forest Sami increasingly focused more on reindeer herding and less on fish. Summer movements were now performed between settlements installed to meet the needs of the reindeer, but the settlement pattern remained semisedentary. Fences were built in strategic places to control the movements of both own and foreign reindeer.Remains of former Sami resource use are often difficult to detect. Data collected with airborne laser scanning (ALS) can be used to map several kinds of remains, provided that the data is processed in an optimising way as shown in the thesis.In short, the thesis describes former forest Sami resource use as flexible and subject to change, and presents new methods to map cultural remains with maximum coverage.
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| 9. |
- Sandström, Camilla, et al.
(författare)
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Comparing forest governance models.
- 2017
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Ingår i: Forest Policy and Economics. - : Elsevier. - 1389-9341 .- 1872-7050. ; 77, s. 1-5
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 10. |
- Metcalfe, Daniel B., et al.
(författare)
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Microbial change in warming soils
- 2017
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Ingår i: Science. - : AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE. - 0036-8075 .- 1095-9203. ; 358:6359, s. 41-42
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Long-term reorganization of microbial communities leads to pulses in carbon release
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