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- Moore, Jason W., 1971-
(författare)
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Environmental crises and the metabolic rift in world-historical perspective
- 2000
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Ingår i: Organization & environment. - 1086-0266 .- 1552-7417. ; 13:2, s. 123-157
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article proposes a new theoretical framework to study the dialectic of capital and nature over the longue durée of world capitalism. The author proposes that today’s global ecological crisis has its roots in the transition to capitalism during the long sixteenth century. The emergence of capitalism marked not only a decisive shift in the arenas of politics, economy, and society, but a fundamental reorganization of world ecology, characterized by a “metabolic rift,” a progressively deepening rupture in the nutrient cycling between the country and the city. Building upon the historical political economy of Marx, Foster, Arrighi, and Wallerstein, the author proposes a new research agenda organized around the concept of systemic cycles of agro-ecological transformation. This agenda aims at discerning the ways in which capitalism’s relationship to nature developed discontinuously over time as recurrent ecological crises have formed a decisive moment of world capitalist crisis, forcing successive waves of restructuring over long historical time.
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- Rooswall Persson, Gun
(författare)
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Lärande samtal : elevers kollektiva textbygge i samband med diktskrivande
- 2000
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The purpose of this study is to describe and interpret the process by which pupils collectivelybuild a text during discussion of a group task. The study also has two further aims: firstly toexemplify task-oriented, interactionist and genre-specific conversational moves; and secondly todescribe, interpret and compare symmetric and asymmetric co-operative and competitive conversationalmoves, and laughter, in the interaction. At the same time, the way in which the participantsconstruct gender is also discussed.In spring 1997, conversations with pupils were video recorded; the pupils being in the finalyear of compulsory education at school. The pupils were divided up into six groups of fourpupils. The groups were determined according to gender, two all-girl groups, two all-boygroups and two mixed groups. By dividing the groups in this way gender aspects were takeninto account. The conversations of each group were recorded on three separate occasions withouta teacher being present. The task which the pupils were given was to talk about and write apoem together. The conversations were then transcribed, described and interpreted.The results showed the pupils in the different groups used different conversational stylesduring problem-solving. This was partly dependent on whether the group was all girls, all boys,or a mixed group. The pupils' conversational styles and the groups' conversational patternswere categorised and evaluated according to their didactic function.This study belongs to the field of research called "Swedish at School." It deals specificallywith interaction, function and learning in pupils' collective text-building as they solve a problemthrough discussion. Learning in these problem-solving group discussions is promoted bythe four-dimensional conversational style i.e. dominant, asymmetric, task-oriented and grouporiented,being shown by at least one pupil whose style is accepted by the group. The criteriaused in these learning conversations can also become a support for teachers when forminggroups. Group discussions are generally regarded by teachers as providing excellent occasionsfor pupils to learn. However, the study also shows that this type of activity can be pedagogicallycomplicated for the teacher to lead, and it is not always an effective way for pupils to learn.
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- Jakobsson, Mats, et al.
(författare)
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'Att blifva sin egen' : ungdomars väg in i vuxenlivet i 1700- och 1800-talens övre Norrland
- 2000
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Ingår i: Sociologisk forskning. - Umeå : Umeå universitet. ; 37:3-4, s. 134-141
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The background to this study is that there is no studies on youth and their transition to adulthood in preindustrial Sweden. The main objective of this thesis has therefore been to analyze young peoples transition to adulthood during the late 18th and 19th centuries in a region of the northern part of Sweden. The social context of the region was mainly agrarian during the investigated period despite the fact that in the later part of the 19th and beginning of 20th century, a development of a growing forest industry had started. The main questions is: How and when in life did different social categories of young people establish an independent and adult life? Where there any changes in transitional patterns and was the establishment smoother or more troublesome at different times during the investigated period ? Where there any changes regarding social norms related to the establishment of adult life?The transition to adult life is studied from a life-course approach and four key-transitions; The First Holy communion, leaving home, marriage and parenthood are regarded as significant steps within the process to a independent social position. Individual data related to keytransitions is mainly collected from cathectical examination records and comprised 2206 individuals born in six different cohorts between 1770 and 1900. The selected cohorts represents individuals that had to deal with different social conditions during their youth and transition to adult life.The main results regarding the transition to adult life can be summarized in two words, complexity and variance. Usually it was a "long" transition but the number of accomplished keytransitions and the order between them varied, as well as ages when taking the first Holy Communion, leaving home, marriage and entering parenthood varied. Transitional patterns varied between different categories of youth. A dividing line existed between the sexes, those from households strongly rooted in the agricultural structure and those with background in social categories that didn't own or was in possession of land. Social norms related to keytransitons changed along this dividing line during the investigated period of time, and became less permissive within landowning or land-possessing categories and less prescriptive in other categories.Transitional patterns were also influenced by the social situation at different historical times. The need for labor, war and years of famine directly intervened in timing and sequencing of keytransitions. A long term development was that the transition to adult life became more problematic in the later part of the 19th century, especially among young people who were less integrated in the social context and among socially stigmatized youth. Finally, young people were active and reflexive in seeking social space to make the transition to adult life, actions that sometimes caused tensions and conflicts between generations.
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- Karlsson, Christer, 1965-
(författare)
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Vetenskap som politik : K. B. Wiklund, staten och samerna under 1900-talets första hälft
- 2000
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Bok (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The main theme of this book is the relation between science and government policy-making. In the centre of all three essays is Karl Bernhard Wiklund (1868-1934), professor of Fenno-Ugrian languages at Uppsala University in the beginning of the 20th century, and his research on the Sami population in northern Sweden. In the first essay, Wiklund's role as an expert used by the Swedish state for Sami related questions is examined. For a long time he was the only one with specific scientific knowledge in these matters, and as such he was frequently consulted by, for example, committees in all kinds of questions, cultural and otherwise. The second essay analyzes Wiklund's views of the Sami, as they appear in his writings addressed to a general public. His publications show that in writing the history of the Sami population, Wiklund is as much writing the history of Swedes. The development over time of the former is very much in Wiklund's writings presented as a result of the presence of ethnic Swedes, thus making the Sami dependent rather than independent in history. Nationalism is an underlying theme also in the third essay, which deals with the origin of Nomadskolans läsebok, a textbook written by Wiklund and used by children in the Sami-schools in northern Sweden. Its origin is characterized by a distinct idea that only the Sami living in the mountains had a future in Sweden as Samis while other groups of Samis, living elsewhere, were to be assimilated with the Swedes. Therefore the contents of Nomadskolans läsebok is directed toward the mountain Samis. The book ends with a bibliography of the works of Wiklund, presenting more than 400 of his writings.
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| 9. |
- Westin, Lars, Professor, 1953-
(författare)
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Research strategies for Urban Design in Umeå
- 2000
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Ingår i: Urban Design for Sweden and Europe, June 20-21, 2000. - Umeå : CERUM, Umeå universitet. - 9171919953 ; , s. 3-5
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Creation of an Urban Design Centre in Umeå
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| 10. |
- Åstrand, Björn
(författare)
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Tortyr och pinligt förhör - våld och tvång i äldre svensk rätt
- 2000
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Torture in the past is the subject of this dissertation. The aim of the study is to discuss one of the grand narratives of Swedish history. In an evolutionary frame Sweden has been put forward as a country which early developed judicial security for citizens. This dissertation contains a critique against an objectivistic view of the concept of knowledge. It proposes instead an evolutionary concept. In the discussion of sources I argue that although historians have been skilful in their evaluation of sources important problems still remains.The phenomenon of torture is here investigated at three different levels, as discourse, as norm and as practice. A point of departure is an overview of the discourse of torture and the use of torture in the past, from ancient times to the beginning of the early modern period in Europe. The purpose of that study is to gain some general insight concerning torture to which the main study, with focus on the phenomenon of torture in Sweden, could be related. The presentation of the history of torture starts in ancient Greece. The ability to use torture was regulated in Greek society. An important element in the discourse concerns a social regulation of torture; another is the connection with different concepts of truth.The conditions for the use of torture have changed over time. In early Middle Ages the practice of ordeals was common in Europe. In difficult cases tribes decided guilt with help from God. When the Christian church during the High Middle Ages rose to power it prohibited the use of ordeals. The obvious consequence of this act was that people had to make decisions by themselves, when they no longer could turn to God’s will when making decisions in severe judicial cases. In this context torture became important and was put into use. The existence of ordeals has been an obstacle to the use of torture. Torture had a strong position at the end of the medieval era, and this dissertation discusses whether the legislation is to be understood as implementation of torture or as regulation of an already existing practice.The first study of torture in a Swedish context deals with the discourse concerning the concept of torture. It is found that accusations of use of torture were used in propaganda and that torture in this context was understood as something unswedish and shameful.Next part focuses on the Old Swedish legislation prior to 1614. It is found that there is a prohibition against torture in the legislation from the fourteenth century, which must be regarded as a first attempt in Swedish law to regulate the use of torture. The study also focuses on the fact that the plaintiff had such extensive rights, that these could enable use of torture.The last part of the dissertation deals with the legal practice in Stockholm between 1474 and 1614. It identifies places for torture, actors and the judicial context in which the use of torture was practised.
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