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| 2. |
- Axelsson, Susanna, et al.
(author)
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Effect of combined caries-preventive methods: a systematic review of controlled clinical trials.
- 2004
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In: Acta odontologica Scandinavica. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0001-6357 .- 1502-3850. ; 62:3, s. 163-9
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Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the caries-preventive effect of combined caries-preventive methods, defined as two or more different interventions in combination, each expected to prevent dental caries. The Medline database was searched for articles published in the period January 1966 to June 2003. Twenty-four controlled studies met the inclusion criteria, and their value as evidence was assessed according to predetermined criteria. The level of evidence for the overall conclusion regarding each method was graded according to the protocol of the Swedish Council on Technology Assessment in Health Care. The scientific evidence for the combination of treatments involving fluoride that had a preventive effect on caries in children and adolescents was graded as moderate. However, for elderly patients the scientific evidence for the caries-preventive effect of different combinations of treatments was found to be incomplete. No conclusion could be drawn regarding the evidence for combinations of treatments being effective for groups at high caries risk, as the results from the identified clinical studies were conflicting.
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| 3. |
- Petersson, Lars G, et al.
(author)
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Professional fluoride varnish treatment for caries control: a systematic review of clinical trials.
- 2004
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In: Acta odontologica Scandinavica. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0001-6357 .- 1502-3850. ; 62:3, s. 170-6
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Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The aim of this paper was systematically to evaluate the caries-preventive effect of professional fluoride varnish treatments. A search of the literature for articles published between 1966 and August 2003 was carried out in electronic databases, reference lists of articles, and selected textbooks in accordance with the strategy of the Swedish Council on Technology Assessment in Health Care. Out of 302 identified papers, 24 randomized and controlled clinical trials comparing fluoride varnish with placebo, no active treatment or other fluoride preventive regimens of at least 2 years' study duration were included. The trials that met the inclusion criteria were assessed independently and systematically by at least two reviewers and scored from A to C according to predetermined criteria for methodology and performance. The main outcome measure was the preventive fraction expressed as a percentage. The results displayed limited evidence (evidence level 3) for the caries preventive effect of topical applications of fluoride varnishes in permanent teeth. The average prevented fraction was 30% (0-69%) when compared with untreated controls. Inconclusive evidence (evidence level 4) was found for fluoride varnish treatment in the primary dentition and in adults. This systematic review reinforces the need for future dinical research of high quality, incorporating modern concepts of dinical performance and evaluation to assess dental caries control using professional fluoride varnish.
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| 4. |
- Twetman, Svante, et al.
(author)
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Caries-preventive effect of sodium fluoride mouthrinses: a systematic review of controlled clinical trials.
- 2004
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In: Acta odontologica Scandinavica. - Oslo : Informa UK Limited. - 0001-6357 .- 1502-3850. ; 62:4, s. 223-30
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Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The Swedish Council on Technology Assessment in Health Care launched a project group in 1999 to systematically review and evaluate the existing literature on different caries-preventive methods. The aim of this article was to report the findings concerning the caries-preventive effect of fluoride mouthrinses (FMRs) in various age groups, with special reference to background fluorides. A systematic search in electronic databases for literature published between 1966 and August 2003 was conducted with the inclusion criteria of a randomized or controlled clinical trial, at least 2 years' follow-up, and caries increment in the permanent dentition (DeltaDMFS/T) as endpoint. Out of 174 articles originally identified, 62 met the inclusion criteria. These studies were assessed independently by at least two reviewers and scored A-C according to predetermined criteria for methodology and performance. The measure of effect was the prevented fraction (PF) expressed as percent. The level of evidence was based on 25 articles. The results revealed limited evidence (evidence level 3) for the caries-preventive effect (PF 29%) of daily or weekly sodium fluoride rinses compared with placebo in permanent teeth of schoolchildren and adolescents with no additional fluoride exposure and for a caries-preventive effect on root caries in older adults. Inconclusive evidence (evidence level 4) was found regarding the effect of FMRs in schoolchildren and adolescents exposed to additional fluoride sources such as daily use of fluoride toothpaste. No firm support for the use of FMRs was disclosed in a small number of studies designed for patients at caries risk. Furthermore, no association between the frequency of the rinses and prevented fraction or saved surfaces per year was found. In conclusion, this systematic review suggests that sodium fluoride mouthrinses may have an anti-caries effect in children with limited background of fluoride exposure, while its additional effect in children with daily use of fluoride toothpaste could be questioned. The need for further clinical trials to elucidate the effect of FMRs in risk patients and older adults is emphasized.
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| 6. |
- Berglund, Johan, et al.
(author)
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5-y follow-up study of patients with neuroborreliosis
- 2002
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In: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. - : Taylor & Francis. - 0036-5548 .- 1651-1980. ; 34:6, s. 421-425
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The objective of this follow-up study was to determine the long-term outcome of strictly classified cases of neuroborreliosis treated with antibiotics. A one-year prospective population-based survey of Lyme borreliosis was conducted in southern Sweden, between 1992 and 1993. A total of 349 identified cases with suspected neuroborreliosis were followed up 5 years later. Medical records were reviewed and all participants filled in a questionnaire. Of those classified with definite neuroborreliosis 114/130 completed the follow-up, of whom 111 had completed the initial antibiotic treatment. Of the 114 patients followed up, 86 (75%) had recovered completely and 70 (61%) had recovered within 6 months. Residual neurological symptoms such as facial palsy, concentration disorder, paresthesia and/or neuropathy were reported by 28/114. No significant differences between different antibiotic treatments were observed in terms of occurrence of sequelae. To conclude, we found that 25% (95% confidence interval 17-33%) of the patients suffered from residual neurological symptoms 5 years post-treatment. However, the clinical outcome of treated neuroborreliosis is favourable as only 14/114 (12%) of the patients had sequelae that influenced their daily activity post-treatment. Early diagnosis and treatment would seem to be of great importance in order to avoid such sequelae.
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| 7. |
- Stjernberg, Louise
(author)
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Epidemiological aspects of tick borne diseases with focus on risk and prevention
- 2004
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The incidence and variety of diseases associated with ticks have increased world-wide and ticks are currently considered to be second only to mosquitoes as vectors of human infectious diseases in the world. In the northern hemisphere, Ixodes ricinus, the most common tick, transmits diseases caused by several infectious pathogens, including different types of bacteria, virus and protozoa. In Sweden, Lyme borreliosis, tick-borne encephalitis and erlichiosis are established, and more than 10.000 people are infected each year. This thesis focuses on aspects of risks associated with tick bites, the risk of contracting tick borne diseases including long-term outcome, and preventive measures and behaviour among people living in tick endemic areas. The first study describes the long-term outcome in patients treated with antibiotics due to neuroborreliosis. At the follow up, 75% of the patients had recovered completely and 25% (95% confidence interval; 17% - 33%) suffered from residual neurological symptoms such as facial palsy, concentration disorder, paresthesia and/or neuropathy. In order to avoid sequelae, early diagnosis and treatment are of great importance. The second study investigated the exposure and contraction of tick-bites with the risk of developing Lyme borreliosis from these tick-bites. Results showed that among people well aware of tick-borne diseases and who inspect their skin daily for ticks, the monthly rate of being tick bitten was 0.04 (95% confidence interval; 0.02-0.06) per 10 hours spent out of doors. Within six months, 3% had contracted Lyme borreliosis, i.e. the risk of developing this disease was 0.5% (95% confidence interval; 0.44-0.56) per tick-bite. The third (experimental) study was aimed at determining whether light-coloured or dark-coloured clothing had the least attractive effect on Ixodes ricinus. The overall found ticks between the both colours differed significantly, with 62% (95% confidence interval; 59% - 65%) of the ticks found on light-coloured clothing. Dark-coloured clothing seems to attract fewer ticks. The fourth study describes tick preventive measures, and their predictors, taken among highly exposed people. In total, 69% of the participants regularly took preventive measures, personally and/or in the environment. When analysing gender and preventive measure solely, women took more preventive measures compared to men. When analysing all risk variables together, spending less time in tick endemic area and being tick bitten the same tick season significantly increased the probability of taking any preventive measures. After being tick bitten, men increased their performance of preventive measures more than women.
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| 9. |
- Isaksson, Per
(author)
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On crack growth under compressive stresses
- 2001
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- This thesis concerns fractures subjected to compressive stresses. In the four papers appended fracture behavior in brittle as well as ductile materials is studied. In the first paper, an expression for the mode II stress intensity factor at a straight extended kink has been calculated under the condition that crack opening is suppressed during crack growth. The expression has been found as a function of the mode II stress intensity factor K2 at the parent crack, the direction and length of the kink, and the difference between the remote compressive normal stresses perpendicular to, and parallel with, the plane of the parent crack. Crack growth directions have been suggested based on the result. At a sufficiently high non-isotropic compressive normal stress, so that the crack remains closed, the crack will propagate along a curved path maximizing the mode II stress intensity factor. Only at an isotropic compressive normal stress will the crack continue straight ahead in its original plane without directional change. By analyzing experimental crack growth patterns in paper two, the conclusion is that crack paths experimentally observed indicate that mode II crack growth under compression in some brittle materials follow a propagation path described by a function y=gx^b. In fact, the agreement between the experiments and the propagation path prescribed by the model, in which b=3/2, is astonishingly good since b was found in the interval [1.43-1.58] in all the experiments studied. Further, the investigation of the curvature parameter g has revealed that g also agree with the simplified model, even though not as good as the exponent b. However, the experimentally observed g differs in general less than 15% from the theoretical value predicted by the analytical model discussed in paper I. In paper three, a directional crack growth criterion in a compressed elastic perfectly-plastic material is considered. A slip-line solution is derived for evaluation of the stresses at the crack tip, which considers hydrostatic pressure and friction between the crack surfaces. Based upon the slip-line solution a projection stress based model is discussed for prediction of the direction of initiated crack growth. The opening displacement of an extended kink has been examined in paper four, using a finite element procedure. The conclusion is that an over-critical pressure in the plastic zone surrounding the crack tip suppresses crack opening regardless the direction of crack growth. The only possibility seems to be shear mode crack growth, which occur straight ahead in the crack plane if the crack is assumed to follow the plane of maximum shear stress. At a sub-critical hydrostatic pressure, or lower friction between the crack surfaces, the crack can extend via a kink subjected to local opening mode. An expression for the critical value determining fracture mode has been found as a function of hydrostatic pressure and friction between the crack surfaces assuming the fracture process to be predominantly controlled by local tensile stresses at the crack tip. The crack growth directions predicted by the projection stress based criterion in paper three are comparable with the directions maximizing the opening displacement of an extended kink computed in paper four.
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| 10. |
- Nicholls, Ian A., et al.
(author)
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Molecularly imprinted polymers: unique possibilities for environmental monitoring
- 2002
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In: Proceedings of Kalmar Eco-Tech'01 : conference on leachate and waste water treatment with high-tech and natural systems : the 3rd International Conference on the Establishment of Cooperation Between Companies/Institutions in the Nordic Countries and the Countries in the Baltic Sea Region : November 26 to 28, 2001 Kalmar, Sweden. - : Högskolan i Kalmar. ; , s. 285-288, s. 285-288
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Conference paper (other academic/artistic)
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