| 1. |
- Awais, Fawad, et al.
(författare)
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Logistic characteristics and requirements of Swedish wood biofuel heating plants
- 2021
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Ingår i: Renewable & sustainable energy reviews. - : Elsevier Ltd. - 1364-0321 .- 1879-0690. ; 138
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The demand for wood biofuel for district heating plants and combined heat and power plants (CHPs) has increased, caused by an increase in both the number and size of CHPs. This places large demands on the logistics system supplying these plants with fuel, with a particular interest in the use of alternative modes of transport such as rail and sea. The aim of this paper is to identify the industry actors’ requirements, constraints, and preferences regarding the wood-biofuel supply chain and to identify the logistical challenges this entails, as well as how this impacts the opportunity for an increased use of alternative transport solutions. A survey was sent to all Swedish CHPs, combined with six interviews with transport companies, terminal operators, and forest companies. The study shows that the industry has a local focus that limits potential logistics and sourcing solutions. It is also challenged by urban sprawl, with expanding residential areas close to the CHPs putting further constraints on the operations. Significant variations in fuel demand, depending on unpredictable outside temperature and seasonal variation, is a further challenge. The low density of the fuel has a negative impact on transport costs and introduces a trade-off between chipping close to the forest to increase density versus more efficient chipping at the CHP. Intermodal transport only used by large plants, driven by a shortage of local fuel. © 2020 The Authors
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| 2. |
- Chen, Dongliang, et al.
(författare)
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The Scanner of Heterogeneous Traffic Flow in Smart Cities by an Updating Model of Connected and Automated Vehicles
- 2022
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Ingår i: IEEE transactions on intelligent transportation systems (Print). - : IEEE. - 1524-9050 .- 1558-0016. ; 23:12, s. 25361-25370
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The problems of traditional traffic flow detection and calculation methods include limited traffic scenes, high system costs, and lower efficiency over detecting and calculating. Therefore, in this paper, we presented the updating Connected and Automated Vehicles (CAVs) model as the scanner of heterogeneous traffic flow, which uses various sensors to detect the characteristics of traffic flow in several traffic scenes on the roads. The model contains the hardware platform, software algorithm of CAV, and the analysis of traffic flow detection and simulation by Flow Project, where the driving of vehicles is mainly controlled by Reinforcement Learning (RL). Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed model and the corresponding swarm intelligence strategy is evaluated through simulation experiments. The results showed that the traffic flow scanning, tracking, and data recording performed continuously by CAVs are effective. The increase in the penetration rate of CAVs in the overall traffic flow has a significant effect on vehicle detection and identification. In addition, the vehicle occlusion rate is independent of the CAV lane position in all cases. The complete street scanner is a new technology that realizes the perception of the human settlement environment with the help of the Internet of Vehicles based on 5G communications and sensors. Although there are some shortcomings in the experiment, it still provides an experimental reference for the development of smart vehicles.
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| 3. |
- Bieser, Jan C. T., et al.
(författare)
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The digitalization of passenger transport : Technologies, applications and potential implications for greenhouse gas emissions
- 2021
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- To meet internationally agreed climate protection targets, a drastic reduction of passenger transport greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is required. The “Avoid-Shift-Improve”-Approach suggests to meet future transport demand by avoiding unnecessary travel, shifting travel to more environmentally-friendly transport modes and improving the environmental performance of transport modes. Digital applications can contribute to both an increase or a decrease of passenger transport GHG emissions, e.g. by avoiding travel, increasing travel or shifting travel to more GHG-intensive or GHG-efficient transport modes. In view of the large number of digital applications in passenger transport and their uncertain impacts on GHG emissions, the aim of this report is to present a review of (1) digital technologies that are used in passenger transport, (2) applications that are supported by digital technologies and (3) their potential impacts on GHG emissions.We identified nine central categories of digital technologies that shape passenger transport, namely (mobile) end user devices and apps, telecommunication networks, cloud computing, artificial intelligence and big data, geospatial technologies, digital sensors, computer graphics, automation and robotics and blockchain. These technologies support various applications in passenger transport which can be categorized into digital traveler information systems (e.g. trip planning and booking apps), digital shared mobility services (e.g. car or ride sharing), digitally-enabled transport modes that would not exist without digital technologies (e.g. virtual mobility, taxi drones), digital in-vehicle applications (e.g. automated driving), and digital applications for traffic and infrastructure management (e.g. traffic simulations and mobility pricing).All described applications can have reducing and increasing effects on GHG emissions. Main levers to reduce GHG emissions are (1) a reduction of number of vehicles produced (e.g. through vehicle sharing), (2) a reduction of total travel distances (e.g. through virtual mobility), (3) an increase in the attractiveness of and shift to more GHG-efficient transport modes (e.g. through multimodal mobility platforms), (4) an increase in the utilization of transport modes and a reduction of vehicle kilometers traveled (e.g. through ride sharing), and (5) an increase in the fuel efficiency of vehicles (e.g. through automated driving systems).In a real-life setting, the impacts of digital applications depend on the interplay between the applications and their design, existing travel patterns and the policy framework in place. In order put digital applications in passenger transport at the service of climate protection, applications and policies have to be aligned in a way that they promote GHG reducing levers. Otherwise, there is a risk that these applications lead to an increase in GHG emissions, e.g. by inducing additional travel or promoting more GHG-intensive transport modes.Future research should empirically assess the impacts of digital applications on passenger transport and identify the conditions under which decarbonization potentials will materialize. This will support policy makers and market actors to jointly create conditions under which offering digital applications in passenger transport contributes to a net GHG emission reduction and is economically-feasible.
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| 4. |
- Ståhle, Alexander, et al.
(författare)
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Designguide för Smarta gator
- 2022
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Bok (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Designguiden för smarta gator konkretiserar hur de fyra megatrenderna urbanisering, digitalisering, samhällsförändringar och miljöförändringar leder till nya krav och utformningsprinciper för framtidens gator. Guiden är tänkt att fungera som en inspiration och ett underlag för att förnya svensk gatupolicy på nationell, regional och kommunal nivå.Guiden innehåller utöver en inledning följande kapitel: en historisk tillbakablick (gatans utveckling), gatans användning, gatans delar, gatans design, designprocessen, guidens genomförande.
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| 5. |
- Englund, Cristofer, 1977-
(författare)
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Aware and intelligent infrastructure for action intention recognition of cars and bicycles
- 2020
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Ingår i: VEHITS 2020 - Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Vehicle Technology and Intelligent Transport Systems. - : SciTePress. - 9789897584190 ; , s. 281-288
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Action intention recognition is becoming increasingly important in the road vehicle automation domain. Autonomous vehicles must be aware of their surroundings if we are to build safe and efficient transport systems. This paper explores methods for predicting the action intentions of road users based on an aware and intelligent 3D camera-based sensor system. The collected data contains trajectories of two different scenarios. The first one includes bicyclists and the second cars that are driving in a road approaching an intersection where they are either turning or continuing straight. The data acquisition system is used to collect trajectories of the road users that are used as input for models trained to predict the action intention of the road users.
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| 6. |
- Zeng, Ziling, 1995, et al.
(författare)
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Optimization of Electric Bus Scheduling for Mixed Passenger and Freight Flow in an Urban-Rural Transit System
- 2023
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Ingår i: IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems. - 1524-9050 .- 1558-0016. ; 24:1, s. 1288-1298
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Transport accessibility and urban-rural connectivity are seen as critical aspects of rural economic development. In the transit network, passenger flow between urban-rural corridors demonstrates directional imbalances and low utilization of scarce resources. Freight transportation, on the other hand, lags due to poor geography, high operating costs, and scattered demand. This paper proposes a new mode of public transit that integrates passenger and freight transport, providing a carrier for logistics while compensating for the low utilization of passenger transport. In this mode, each timetabled round trip is divided into one dedicated passenger trip with high demand and one mixed-flow trip with on-demand requests. A space-time-state network is constructed considering the picking-up time window, loading/unloading service time, and electric bus energy replenishment. A mixed-integer linear programming model is developed to optimize the bus schedule that covers the travel demands and the charging requests with minimized travel costs. A Lagrangian relaxation framework with a dynamic programming algorithm and sub-gradient method is presented for problem-solving. The real-life rural-urban transport instance and a simulated network demonstrate the operation of the new mode and validate the efficiency of the proposed method. The innovative concept and the optimization framework are expected to serve as a reference for public administration to alleviate passenger and freight transportation bottlenecks in the urban-rural context.
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| 7. |
- Malik, Mateen, et al.
(författare)
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Simulation-based Evaluation of a Remotely Operated Road Vehicle under Transmission Delays and Denial-of-Service Attacks
- 2023
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Ingår i: Proceedings of IEEE Pacific Rim International Symposium on Dependable Computing, PRDC. - : IEEE Computer Society. - 1541-0110. ; 2023, s. 23-29
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- A remotely operated road vehicle (RORV) refers to a vehicle operated wirelessly from a remote location. In this paper, we report results from an evaluation of two safety mechanisms: safe braking and disconnection. These safety mechanisms are included in the control software for RORV developed by Roboauto, an intelligent mobility solutions provider. The safety mechanisms monitor the communication system to detect packet transmission delays, lost messages, and outages caused by naturally occurring interference as well as denial-of-service (DoS) attacks. When the delay in the communication channel exceeds certain threshold values, the safety mechanisms are to initiate control actions to reduce the vehicle speed or stop the affected vehicle safely as soon as possible. To evaluate the effectiveness of the safety mechanisms, we exposed the vehicle control software to various communication failures using a software-in-the-loop (SIL) testing environment developed specifically for this study. Our results show that the safety mechanisms behaved correctly for a vast majority of the simulated communication failures. However, in a few cases, we noted that the safety mechanisms were triggered incorrectly, either too early or too late, according to the system specification.
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| 8. |
- Flodén, Jonas, 1974, et al.
(författare)
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Shipping in the EU emissions trading system: implications for mitigation, costs and modal split
- 2024
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Ingår i: Climate Policy. - Stockholm : IVL Svenska Miljöinstitutet. - 1752-7457 .- 1469-3062. ; In Press
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- EU recently decided to include shipping, meaning all intra-European shipping and 50% of extra-European voyages, in the EU Emissions Trading System (ETS) beginning in 2024. This article provides an early assessment of the impacts of the EU ETS on the shipping sector’s potential reductions in greenhouse gas emissions for different types of ships. It further examines selected mitigation measures and the impact on modals split and costs. The study employs a mixed-methods approach combining quantitative estimates (based on data from the EU monitoring, reporting and verification system) with qualitative data and information from interviews with key actors and from previous literature. This approach aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the impacts of the EU ETS. The inclusion of shipping in the EU ETS is expected to introduce significant incentives to reduce emissions. We estimate that switching to bio-methanol at an emissions allowance price of €90–100/tCO2 will be cost-effective for a minor share of shipping segments (representing about 0.5-5% of all ships), whereas at a price above €150/tCO2 it could be cost-effective for a considerable share (potentially 75%) of ships. In the short term, the costs incurred by the EU ETS will be passed on to transport customers as a surcharge. The increased cost may, unless properly addressed, drive carbon leakage. Meanwhile, a modal shift away from shipping may occur in the roll-on, roll-off (RoRo) and roll-on passenger (RoPax) segments due to direct competition with road and rail transport and the relative ease of shifting to other modes of transport.
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| 9. |
- Bhatti, Harrison John, et al.
(författare)
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Multidimensional Readiness Index for Electrification of Transportation System in China, Norway, and Sweden
- 2022
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The main objective of this paper is to develop a readiness index model that can serve as an analytical tool for exploring the achievements of electrification of transportation systems. We have applied this readiness index model to evaluate the readiness positioning of China, Norway, and Sweden towards transport electrification. We have chosen these three countries as they represent diversity among countries that are in the process of adopting electrified transport system solutions. Our developed readiness index model has four key dimensions, technological readiness, political readiness, societal readiness, and economic readiness. The embeddedness of all four dimensions in one model provides a multi-perspective way of analyzing and evaluating the readiness levels of countries moving towards transforming the transportation system. Therefore, we named the model a“multidimensional readiness index.”Our main conclusions are that the political processes and political decisiveness involved are the most important factors followed by the societal needs and economic ability, with the current technology available as the fourth. Without the participation of dedicated and determined political decision-makers being involved, the other three factors are challenging to obtain. Political decision-makers need to facilitate the use of economic means to support the transformation in the society and affected industries to balance the initial economic disadvantages of the electrically-powered systems until they pass the cost disadvantage turning point. The development of the relevant technology is no longer a great barrier as it was at the beginning of this transformation, about 20 years ago. The technology for electrically powered transportation systems and devices is widely available now, although it is continuously evolving and being improved. Associated industries cannot be expected to initiate, finance, take the risk, and take the lead in this global societal transformation without clear and strong political support.Based on our multidimensional readiness index analysis, China is being positioned as the leading country in the world in the electrification of its transportation systems. This is mainly so because of the strong technology advancements, control of the entire value chain of research, development (R&D), and manufacturing of EVs, strong government decisiveness, and execution power in developing and implementing favorable electric vehicle (EV) policies. The willingness of China’s public sector to take the lead and their citizen’s support to adopt clean technology are additional factors facilitating this advancement. Norway has rapidly become one of the newcomers in electrification with large numbers of registered electric vehicles, despite lacking manufacturing industries of electric vehicles. Sweden is a rapidly developing country in the electrification of transport, with three vehicle manufacturers introducing EVs in 2021. The government has been committed to building demonstration sites for electric roads systems for more than ten years. Sweden is also working on establishing battery manufacturing facilities dedicated to the needs of electrified transportation equipment and systems.
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| 10. |
- Dreier, Dennis, et al.
(författare)
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Comparison of management strategies for the charging schedule and all-electric operation of a plug-in hybrid-electric bi-articulated bus fleet
- 2020
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Ingår i: Public Transport. - : Springer Nature. - 1866-749X .- 1613-7159. ; 12:2, s. 363-404
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study developed a real-time optimisation (RTO) model that uses real-world bus operation data, i.e. route-specific and time-specific driving cycles. Potentials for energy savings and all-electric operation were estimated for a plug-in hybrid-electric bi-articulated bus fleet (PLUG scenario) that can be managed according to different management strategies. Five strategies A–E were simulated that manage the charging schedule and all-electric operation with different priorities: PLUG-A, prioritise buses for charging by arrival times at the charging station (“first come, first served”); PLUG-B, prioritise buses for charging by energy intensities of the bus routes; PLUG-C, minimise the total energy use of the bus fleet; PLUG-D, maximise the total all-electric time of the bus fleet; and PLUG-E, maximise the total all-electric distance of the bus fleet. For comparison, a business as usual (BAU) scenario with conventional buses and another scenario with hybrid-electric buses (HYB) were simulated. Two weeks of real-world bus operation data from the city of Curitiba in Brazil were used as input data. The study finds that total energy savings of 17% and 27% in the HYB and PLUG scenarios can be achieved compared to the BAU scenario, respectively. Meanwhile, the average shares of the total all-electric time (TAET) and total all-electric distance (TAED) to the total bus fleet operation amount to 20% and 14% in the HYB scenario. Furthermore, both TAET and TAED in the PLUG scenario depend strongly on the chosen strategy amounting to ranges of 21–64% and 17–61%, respectively. Simultaneous maxima were found for strategy D.
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