| 1. |
- Björklund, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Waste Modelling Using Substance Flow Analysis and Life Cycle Assessment
- 1998
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the Air & Waste Management Association’s Annual Meeting. - Stockholm : KTH. ; , s. 15pp-
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Computer models of municipal waste management have been developed initially to focus on cost minimization. As focus in local planning changed, the objective of these models now include environmental optimization. The development of life-cycle assessment (LCA) as a standard means to quantify environmental impact, and of substance flow analysis (SFA) as a means to track down causes of environmental problems has offered new possibilities in this field. The ORWARE (ORganic WAste REsearch) connects LCA and SFA for evaluation of environmental impact in waste planning. Despite the holistic approach of waste planning models, they do not necessarily facilitate decision making.
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| 2. |
- Björklund, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Planning Biodegradable Waste Management in Stockholm
- 1999
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Ingår i: Journal of Industrial Ecology. - 1088-1980 .- 1530-9290. ; 3:4, s. 43-58
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The environmental impact of the management of biodegradable waste in Stockholm, based mainly on incineration and landfilling, was compared to systems with significant nutrient recycling; large-scale composting, anaerobic digestion, and separate collection and utilization of urine. The systems' emissions, residual products, energy turnover, and resource consumption were evaluated from a life-cycle perspective, using a computerized model, ORWARE (ORganic WAste REsearch model). Transportation was of relatively low importance to overall environmental impact, even at high rates of nutrient recycling. This is remarkable considering the geographical setting of Stockholm, with high population density and little nearby farmland. Ancillary systems, such as generation of electricity and district heating, were crucial for the overall outcome. Increased recycling of nutrients in solid biodegradable waste in Stockholm can reduce net environmental impact, whereas separation of human urine to be spread as fertilizer cannot yet be introduced without increased acidification. Increased nutrient recycling from solid biodegradable waste inevitably increases spreading of metals on arable land. Urine is by far the least contaminated residual product. Spreading of all other residuals would be limited by their metal content.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Baumann, Henrikke, 1964, et al.
(författare)
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Det specifika med miljösystemanalysen
- 1999
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Sammanfattning av diskussion om vad forskning i ämnet miljösystemanalys innebär och innefattar.
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| 5. |
- Karlsson, Reine, 1953
(författare)
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Life Cycle Considerations in Sustainable Business Development. Eco-efficiency studies in Swedish industries
- 1998
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis shows that there are reasons for placing some trust in the possibilities of aligning business goals and environmental goals, as well as in the possibilities of increasing eco-efficiency through technological development. The possibilities, although not unlimited, are not utilised to their full potential. For the function of exploring and exploiting such possibilities further, there are also reasons for placing some hope in the development of analytical tools, based on the merging of environmental economics with economics of technology and innovations. The environmental movement takes an interest both in the avoidance of negative impact and in the promotion of activity with positive long-term effect. However, resource refinement and production of performance potential for the future is hardly an explicit environmental priority today. In a long-term perspective this may be critical, because all activities have some negative effect and an activity that contributes to system improvement for the future normally requires more extensive present activity than a short-term solution. The thesis contains a case study showing that Ericsson Mobile's successful product development, in business terms, involves a remarkable product development, also in environmental terms. The analysed quotient, between the performance of the mobile phone and the loss of battery metal, illustrates the development of eco-efficiency. Compared to today's hesitation surrounding the possibility of an improvement factor of 4 or 10, it is interesting to note that the results of this case study show a relative improvement of the eco-efficiency by a factor in the order of magnitude of 4000, in the ten year period from 1988 to 1998. This result illustrates how a reduction of the battery weight has resulted in improvements of both the phone's usefulness and its environmental load. The exact value is, however, uncertain, among other things due to the uncertainty of the analyses as well as of the relevance of the environmental valuation of the metals, but the order of magnitude of the estimated improvement is interesting. Still, it is important to note that this level of improvement factor hardly can be regarded as generally applicable. It is normally more difficult to change established technologies, e.g. in relation to production of food and houses. The long-term sustainable system should enable profitability in activities that contribute a positive net effect to the total resource potential. However, the sustainability challenge contains a basic conceptual problem in that it has been difficult to understand the interrelation between society's general development goals and the environmental aspects of the sustainable development goal. It is a main conclusion that there is a need of further interdisciplinary research on how to use environmental information in business develop-ment to handle the sustainability challenge.
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| 6. |
- Baumann, Henrikke, 1964, et al.
(författare)
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An evaluative framework for conceptual and analytical approaches used in environmental management
- 1999
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Ingår i: Greener Management International. - 0966-9671. ; 26, s. 109-122
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the last 30 years, a number of new approaches for use in environmental management have been developed for use by decision-makers. This paper presents a framework for comparing these approaches based on various methodological features. These include: nature of the approach, type of decision-maker, overall purpose and object analysed, perspective, investigated dimensions, character of the approach, basis for comparison, system boundaries, type of data, and evaluation of results. Use of the framework is illustrated for four approaches: industrial ecology; design for environment; environmental impact assessment; and environmental accounting. The approaches can be used consecutively, or be complementary, competing, encompassing or overlapping in their applications. The research suggests that there is considerable scope for exploring these relationships between and within approaches. Rather than developing new tools for environmental management, it may now be appropriate to focus on practical integration of existing approaches for different applications.
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| 7. |
- Baumann, Henrikke, 1964
(författare)
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LCA use in Swedish industry
- 1996
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Ingår i: International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment. - 1614-7502 .- 0948-3349. ; 1:3, s. 122-126
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A study of iudustry's use of I,CA has bcen performed as a special analysis of the Business Enviromnental Barometer (B.E.B.). The B.E.B. is an international questionnaire survey on industry's envi- ronmental management practices (LCA included), repeated every two years. The first round in 1993 included the Nordic countries. The 1997 round will include eight European countries. This analy- sis intends to describe industry's LCA use as such (e.g. active industrial sectors, applications, changes over time) and differences between companies working with I.CA and those not working with LCA. The survey indicates that industry is in the process of internalising LCA knowledge, although most companies are still in the learning phase. LCA companies have more developed environmental management systems than non-LCA companies. A company's LCA use seems to be a competitor-driven activity, judging from LCA distribution among industrial sectors.
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| 8. |
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Fiskeriverkets Årsredovisning 1997
- 1998
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Den 1 januari 1995 blev Sverige medlem i den Europeiska Unionen och därmed kom EU:s gemensamma fiskeripolitik att gälla även i Sverige. Den omställning detta medfört har till stor del kommit att prägla den gångna verksamhetsperioden.Inför budgetåret 1997 har Fiskeriverkets förvaltningsanslag minskat med ytterligare 6 milj kr förutom en nedjustering på 3,6 milj kr till följd av ett nytt sätt att beräkna hyresnivån. Fiskeriverket kan endast notera att verket åter har ställts inför en kraftig besparing, samtidigt som kraven på verksamheten ökat, främst på kontrollens område, men även genom att verket fått en mer uttalad roll på miljöområdet som sektorsansvarig myndighet. I regleringsbrevet ges Fiskeriverket i uppdrag att redovisa vilka åtgärder som vidtagits eller planeras för att möta dessa besparingskrav.I november 1996 tillsatte regeringen en utredning av den statliga fiskeriadministrationen (Översyn av fiskeriadministrationen m.m.).Utredningen har i uppgift att dels göra en översyn av fiskeriadministrationen, särskilt Fiskeriverket, mot bakgrund av de förändringar som medlemskapet i EU inneburit för verksamheten, dels föreslå åtgärder för att effektivisera FoU-verksamheten på fiskets område. Utredningen avlämnade i januari 1998 sitt slutbetänkande.
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| 9. |
- Ekvall, Tomas, 1963
(författare)
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System Expansion and Allocation in Life Cycle Assessment With Implications for Wastepaper Management
- 1999
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The choice of system boundaries and allocation methods can have decisive effects on the results and conclusions of a life cycle assessment (LCA). System expansion makes it possible to model the indirect effects of a decision; however, this modelling is often based on inaccurate assumptions. Subdivision and/or allocation based on physical, causal relationships model the consequences of a decision that affects the internally used functions but not the exported functions of a multi-function process. Allocation based on gross sales value model the causes of environmental burdens. System expansion and marginal data can be used in most LCA applications. It can be expected to contribute to individual decisions and actions that result in a lower level of environmental burdens per functional unit than would have been the case without the LCA; however, the modelling of indirect and marginal effects may be restricted by other methodological requirements, such as acceptability, feasibility, and, in some applications, the need for a detailed methodological standard. This thesis includes a new approach to the allocation problem in open-loop recycling. This approach models the indirect effects of a change in the supply of, or demand for, the recycled material. It can be used for system expansion as well as for allocation. It takes important mechanisms into account, but the precision in the model can be poor. The 50/50 allocation method presented in an earlier paper can be regarded as an approximation of the new approach. Important methodological issues in the environmental comparison between recycling and waste incineration of wastepaper, old corrugated board, etc. include the modelling of indirect effects and the choice of data for electricity production. The indirect effects depend on which energy source competes with energy from wastepaper incineration, on which material is replaced by the recycled paper, and on the alternative use of forest resources that are not required for pulpwood production. All of these, as well as the marginal electricity production, depend on the time-perspective and on other waste management, forestry, and energy policies.
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| 10. |
- Jönsson, Åsa, 1965, et al.
(författare)
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LCA of Concrete and Steel Building Frames
- 1998
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Ingår i: The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment. ; 3:4, s. 216-224
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The effects on the external environment of seven concrete and steel building frames representative of present-day building technology in Sweden were analysed using LCA methodology. Objects of the study included frame construction and supplementary materials. Several-storey offices and dwellings were studied. The functional unit was defined as one average m2 of floor area during the lifetime of the building. Inventory data were elaborated for concrete and steel production, the building site, service life, demolition and final disposal. Parameters included were raw material use, energy use, emissions to air, emissions to water and waste generation. The inventory results were presented and evaluated as such, in addition to an interpretation by using three quantitative impact assessment methods. Parameters that weighed heavily were use of fossil fuels, CO2, electricity, SOx 2 NOx 2 alloy materials and waste, depending on what assessment method was used. Over the life cycle, building production from cradle to gate accounted for about the same contribution to total environmental loads as maintenance and replacement of heat losses through external walls during service life, whereas demolition and final disposal accounted for a considerably lower contribution.
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