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- Ahlborg, Gunnar, 1948, et al.
(författare)
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Reproductive effects of chemical exposures in health professions
- 1995
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Ingår i: Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. - 1076-2752. ; 37:8, s. 957-61
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Numerous chemical substances are handled by persons working in the health care sector. At exposure levels that may occur in the occupational setting, some of these substances are potentially harmful to the reproductive processes. Among the potentially harmful substances are anesthetic gases, antineoplastic agents, and sterilants. The epidemiological evidence of increased risks for adverse reproductive effects (eg, subfertility, spontaneous abortions, congenital defects) from such exposure is not unequivocal. However, due to the toxic potential, exposures should be kept at a minimum, and this may be especially important for workers who are pregnant or are planning to achieve pregnancy.
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- Munthe, Christian, 1962
(författare)
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Pure Selection. The Ethics of Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis and Choosing Children without Abortion
- 1999
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Bok (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Preimplantation ge¬netic diagnosis (PGD) is taken to mark the starting-point of a new phase in human reproduction, where the possibility of choosing children on genetic grounds without having to resort to ethi¬cally controversial procedures (such as abortion) will grad¬ually increase. Ethical and political issues actu¬alised by this develop¬ment are addressed. The discussion touches upon issues regarding the moral status of em¬bryos and gametes, the moral import of respecting individual auton¬omy and its implications for the requirement of informed consent in health-care, the connec¬tion between sickness, dis¬ability and the value of life, the moral status of possible future people, and the connection between choosing children and eugenic policies of the past. Practical policy issues are adressed on the basis of this, as well as an empirical case-study of the intro¬duction of PGD in Sweden. The book ends up in a set of recommendations regarding the management of re¬search on, introduction and routine use of procedures for pure se¬lection, both within health care and from the point of view of society as a whole. It is argued that research on such procedures should be allowed and supported by society. However, tight restrictions regarding the clinical introduction of new procedures in this area is highly desirable. A rough model for implementing such re¬strictions is also pre¬sented. It is further asserted that, although reasons of economy and safety should limit the access to pure se¬lection, society should not apply any explicit restrictions based on ideasregarding how different traits affect a person’s quality of life. It is stressed that, in order to to avoid a re¬sur¬rection of eugenic policies of the past, the development in this field un¬der¬lines the need for continued and strengthen public support to the sick, dis¬abled and mentally retarded.
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- Lundälv, Jörgen, 1966
(författare)
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Det talande offret. Journalistik vid olyckor och katastrofer
- 1999
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Bok (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Det talande offret är en skildring av tillståndet i svensk krisjournalistik och en diskussion om hur väl förberedda journalister är i kontakterna med den sårade och lidande människan. I boken berättar reportrar och fotografer om sina erfarenheter från olycks- och katastrofplatser. Två viktiga metoder framkommer: "kompostering" och "återvinning" av kriserfarenheter. Boken ger även råd om hur räddningspersonal mfl i sin yrkesroll bör bemöta pressen när en katastrof inträffat. Boken, som är den första i sitt slag i Sverige, kan användas som studiematerial inom journalist-, medicin-, vård-, socionom-, polis-, och räddningstjänstutbildningarna.
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| 6. |
- Munthe, Christian, 1962
(författare)
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Informed Consent and Quality of Available Information
- 1998
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Ingår i: Fourth World Congress of the International Association of Bioethics, Tokyo, November 4-7, 1998.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Standard versions of the requirement of informed consent state that patients who are offered to enter a clinical trial of a medical procedure should be informed about risks and possible benefits of this procedure (compared to available alternatives) in order to facilitate a rational decision whether or not to participate. However, in many real cases where new medical procedures are to be clinically tested for the first time the information available for such communication to prospective patients is very scarce, vague and/or uncertain. This phenomenon is illustrated by the clinical introduction of new procedures in reproductive medicine, such as preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD). Regarding such procedures, it has ben argued that, in such cases, the quality of the available information may be too low for the obtaining of informed consent to be possible, even if it is successfully communicated. Others, instead, holds that informed consent may always be obtained regardless of the quality of the available information. Unfortunately, the standard litterature on informed consent give no clue as to which of these interpretations is correct. This issue is explored by connecting the concept of informed consent to ethical ideas of respect for autonomy and ideas of rational decision making. It is argued, first, that low quality of available information regarding the risks and possible benefits of a medical procedure may indeed make the obtaining of informed consent from patients to undergo this procedure impossible even in theory. However, it is also argued that whether or not this is the case must be relativized to the actual needs and desires of individual patients. Thus, regarding one and the same procedure, informed consent may be impossible to obtain from some patients due to the low quality of the available information regarding this procedure, but still be possible to obtain from other patients.
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| 7. |
- Wassenius, Ola, et al.
(författare)
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Variability in Skin Exposure in Machine Operators Exposed to Cutting Fluids
- 1998
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health. - : Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health. - 0355-3140 .- 1795-990X. ; 24:2, s. 125 - 129
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective. This study describes a new technique for measuring skin exposure to cutting fluids and evaluates the variability of skin exposure among machine operators performing cyclic (repetitive) work. Methods. The technique is based on video recording and subsequent analysis of the videotape by means of computer-synchronized video equipment. The time intervals at which the machine operator's hand was exposed to fluid were registered, and the total wet time of the skin was calculated by assuming different evaporation times for the fluid. The exposure of twelve operators with different work methods was analyzed in six different workshops, which included a range of machine types, from highly automated metal cutting machines (ie, actual cutting and chip removal machines) requiring operator supervision to conventional metal cutting machines, where the operator was required to maneuver the machine and manually exchange products. Results; the relative wet time varied between 0% and 100%. A significant association between short cycle time and high relative wet time was noted. However, there was no relationship between the degree of automatization of the metal cutting machines and wet time. Conclusions. The study shows that skin exposure to cutting fluids can vary considerably between machine operators involved in manufacturing processes using different types of metal cutting machines. The machine type was not associated with dermal wetness. The technique appears to give objective information about dermal wetness. A comment: This publication is a result of a cooperation between the authors at Chalmers University of Technology and Gothenburg University, i.e. between the Department of Transportation and the Department of Occupational Health and the Department of Sociology.
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- White Sjölander, Peta, 1961-
(författare)
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A study of the effects of vocal intensity variation on children’s voices using long-term average spectrum (LTAS) analysis
- 1998
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Ingår i: Logopedics, Phoniatrics, Vocology. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1401-5439 .- 1651-2022. ; 23:3, s. 111-120
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Studies of adult voices have shown that, as vocal intensity is increased, the partials at higher frequencies gain more than those at lower frequencies. Investigations involving children's normal productions are uncommon, however, and there is, consequently, little knowledge of how children's vocal function differs from that of adults. Using LTAS analysis, this study investigates the effects of vocal intensity variation on the voices of 10-year-old schoolchildren singing in soft, mid and loud voice. A frequency-dependent gain factor was calculated which showed the increase in level to have been greater for partials at higher than at lower frequencies for these children. Also, gain within frequency bands was often different between boys and girls, although this was not demonstrated statistically.
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