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| 2. |
- Dahlén, Leon, et al.
(författare)
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Vegetable and synthetic hydraulic fluids to improve the overall efficiency of a hydrostatic transmission
- 2001
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Ingår i: Journal of Synthetic Lubrication. - : Wiley. - 0265-6582 .- 1557-6841. ; 17:4, s. 263-276
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The purpose of the investigation reported here was to determine whether or not a hydrostatic transmission can act as an alternative to a conventional one, and, if so, to ascertain to what extent the fluid type contributes to an improvement in the efficiency of the hydrostatic transmission. The results presented in this paper are derived from an experimental field test of the hydrostatic transmission of a belt conveyor. This belt conveyor is one part in an ore-transport line at LKAB mining company in Kiruna. The hydrostatic transmission replaced a conventional transmission consisting of an electric motor, a belt drive and a gearbox. The hydrostatic transmission was operated using three different hydraulic fluids: Shell Tellus TX 68, a conventional mineral oil; Mobil SHC 526, a synthetic fluid; and Binol Hydrap II, a vegetable fluid. All fluids have the same ISO viscosity grade, VG 68. The measurements on the transmission show a 3% overall efficiency improvement when using vegetable and synthetic hydraulic fluids compared with the mineral oil. The current at the start of the transmission was reduced by a factor of 6, compared to that of the conventional transmission. The installed 110 kW electric motor was replaced with one of 55 kW. The test also showed that a closer study of all operating conditions, and a selection of components suited to the size of the load, can improve the overall efficiency of the hydrostatic transmission.
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| 5. |
- Ohlsson, Robert, et al.
(författare)
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The interrelationship of 3D surface characterisation techniques with standardised 2D techniques
- 2003
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Ingår i: Advanced techniques for assessment surface topography. - London : Kogan Page Science. - 9781903996119 - 1903996112 ; , s. 197-220
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The objectives and main aim of the work discussed in this chapter is to compare 2D with 3D surface roughness parameters measured on functional surfaces. The functional surfaces provided were automotive cylinder liners, steel sheet product and ball bearings. Tests designed to throw light on the dispersion and variability, when measuring and calculating 2D and 3D parameters, were also carried out. These results indicated the number of measurement needed for a surface to receive a stable mean value for the topography. Additionally, work is discussed which shows the functional relationship between traditional 2D surface parameters and a range of the newly developed 3D parameters. This study allowed a deeper understanding of the functionality of automotive cylinder bores, and empirical wear relationships are proposed. Finally, studies were carried out on sheet steel for the purpose of comparing optical and tactile measurement techniques
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| 6. |
- Isaksson, Ove, et al.
(författare)
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Performance improvement under boundary lubrication conditions using slider bearings with silicon nitride/steel in high torque hydraulic motors
- 2000
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Ingår i: Journal of tribology. - : ASME International. - 0742-4787 .- 1528-8897. ; 122:1, s. 348-353
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The influence of materials and surface topography on static and dynamic coefficients of friction was experimentally investigated in a test apparatus under boundary and mixed lubrication conditions. Specimen materials were gray iron and silicon nitride (Si3N4) of different surface topographies, sliding against chromium steel at a maximum Hertzian line contact pressure of 50 MPa. The lubricant was a standard mineral-based hydraulic fluid (ISO VG 68) held at +40°C or -28°C. The static and dynamic coefficients of friction under boundary lubrication conditions were both significantly reduced by the change from grey iron to silicon nitride as sliding material against Cr-steel, while the lowest static friction with Si3N4 was found for an intermediate surface roughness.
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| 7. |
- Lundberg, Jan, et al.
(författare)
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Handbook for grease applications
- 2000
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Ingår i: Industrial Lubrication and Tribology. - : Emerald. - 0036-8792 .- 1758-5775. ; 52:5, s. 221-232
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The process of finding the ultimate grease is described in this report using an example from railway applications. This example includes steps such as a requirement list, field tests, laboratory tests and an evaluation method. The example deals with the problems discovered in a field test performed to determine the best grease for tapered roller bearings in railway wagon wheels and to increase the knowledge of grease lubrication. Seven different fully formulated commercial greases were examined in the wheel bearings of one ore wagon, used for transporting ore commercially by railway from the Kiruna Mine in northern Sweden to Narvik in northern Norway for shipping to foreign markets. The steps performed in this study are recommended in all problems associated.
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| 8. |
- Dahlén, Leon
(författare)
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Numerical and experimental study of performance of a hydraulic motor
- 2003
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The aim of this study was to develop an understanding of the fluid properties that influence the efficiency of hydraulic systems in a steady-state, especially components in hydrostatic transmission systems under different running conditions. The aim has also been to investigate and model the sources of losses in hydraulic machines, in order to estimate the losses, taking fluid properties into account. Finally, the technique of optimization has been introduced in order to improve the efficiency of a distributor valve in a radial piston hydraulic motor, Marathon M200. From an experimental field-test, which was performed on a belt conveyer using a hydrostatic transmission system, the overall efficiency of the hydrostatic transmission was compared when using a mineral oil, Shell Tellus TX 68, a synthetic fluid, Mobil SHC 526, and a vegetable fluid, Binol Hydrap II. The experimental field-test showed that vegetable and synthetic fluids improve the efficiency compared to mineral oil. The three fluids have the same viscosity but experimental tests showed that the temperature ()- and pressure() -viscosity coefficient differs between them. It was also found that the pressure-viscosity coefficient () of mineral oil was higher compared to vegetable and synthetic fluids. The proposed steady-state model gives greater accuracy regarding overall efficiency than the Wilson model, when examining fluid properties that differ in other aspects than their viscosity. The study has focused on losses in lubricated sliding contacts within a radial piston hydraulic motor, Marathon M200, and an analysis of the losses has been made using the finite element method (FEM). A FEM software package, Solvia, which takes into account fluid properties, such as temperature- and pressure- viscosity coefficient, heat conduction and specific heat, has been used to simulate the behaviour and to estimate the losses in tribological contact. This approach of simulation has been applied to two different tribological contact within the hydraulic motor: to a journal bearing contact and to a hydrostatic annular multi-recess plane thrust bearing. By using an FEM software package linked to an optimization algorithm, the losses in the tribological contact in a distributor valve were reduced significantly. The study shows that the optimized geometry of the distributor valve in the motor can successfully be improved, with regard to losses, by small changes in the geometry. Combining an FEM software package with the optimization routine offers an effective tool for designers to simulate and improve the efficiency of a hydraulic unit.
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| 9. |
- Ekberg, Anders, 1967, et al.
(författare)
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An engineering model for rolling contact fatigue
- 2002
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Ingår i: Fatigue and Fracture of Engineering Materials and Structures. - 8756-758X .- 1460-2695. ; 25, s. 899-909
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 10. |
- Emami, Nazanin
(författare)
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Effect of light power density variation on dental light-cure resin composites
- 2001
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Dental resin based composites are tooth-colored filling materials composed of synthetic resins and particulate ceramic reinforcing filler particles. The resin system also contains molecules that promote and/or modify the polymerisation reaction of the dimethacrylate resin monomers. The filler is bonded to the cured polymer with a film of silane coupling agent covering the filler particles. That silane film is also bonded to the reinforcing filler particles. Dental composites have been used as restorative materials for anterior applications since the 60s. Their tooth matching ability, ability to bond to tooth tissues and their lack of mercury have also promoted them as an alternative to dental amalgam for use in posterior teeth. Favourable results from long-term clinical trails demonstrate that when placed correctly, composites can produce esthetical posterior restorations with acceptable longevity ( el-Mowafy et al., 1994: Taylor et al., 1994 ), although not yet comparable to amalgams (Mjor). Significant problems still remain to be solved and limit their usefulness in the routine practice of dentistry. One of the most significant problems today relates to large material contraction during intra-oral polymerisation of composites. The hardening of composites is the result of polymerisation reactions involving dimethacrylate monomers. A rigid and heavily cross-linked polymer network is produced which surrounds the inert filler particles. The extent of this reaction, the degree of conversion, dictates many of the physical and mechanical properties of the composites. The degree of cure is influenced by many factors, including the light energy used to activate the reaction (Rueggeberg and Jordan, 1993). A reduction in volume, here termed shrinkage, occurs when the monomer polymerises. That shrinkage, which is more than 10-20 times higher in microns than what occurs when an amalgam sets, is caused by a change from van der Waal bonding to covalent bond formation. During that reaction, the monomer molecules rearrange and move closer together (Oleinik, 1986). The magnitude of the shrinkage is dictated by the extent of the reaction, as well as by the nature of the monomers. Research program In the currently ongoing study we are studying the effect of light intensity on polymerisation-induced strain, degree of conversion, volumetric changes and modulus of elasticity of two commercial dental composites. The objective is to test the hypothesis that low light intensity and increased curing time can be used to cure composites with better performance than high intensity cured composites. The benefits with the low intensity long time cure could be improved marginal integrity without loss of mechanical and physical properties. MethodsPolymerisation strain: Small ring shape samples were prepared and cured with three different light intensities (800, 450 and 200 mW/cm2). The polymerisation strain was measured by strain gages. The temperature increase was also measured. The sources of increased temperature are heat generated from the lamp as well as exothermal heat from curing. Volumetric shrinkage: The overall volumetric shrinkage was measured using water and mercury displacement methods. Degree of conversion: The effect of light intensity irradiation time on degree of conversion was measured by spectroscopy (FT- Raman). Modulus of Elasticity: One important factor influencing residual stresses is the stiffness of the dental composite. A miniature tensile machine for small sample size was used to measure the Young's modulus for two materials cured with different light intensities. ResultsA decrease in light intensity decreased the residual strain for the different material systems being evaluated. As long as the lower light intensity was compensated with an increased curing time, degree of conversion, Young's modulus and volumetric shrinkage were compared to high intensity cure for shorter time. The temperature increase, though, was lower for the low intensity cure than for the high intensity cure, even if longer time was used for the low intensity cure. DiscussionThe above results support the proposed hypothesis. A lower light intensity delays gelation, allowing the material to flow more initially. Such flow decreases the induced strain. Another important factor is the lower increase in temperature, which also decreases the thermal shrinkage that occurs during cooling back to room temperature. Differences between the two materials can also be related to differences in molecular structures between the two composites. An important conclusion is that for these materials, the polymerisation reaction is controlled by the total light energy supplied to the dental composite.
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