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| 2. |
- Krüger, Niclas A, et al.
(författare)
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The Impact of Real Options on Willingness to Pay for Mortality Risk Reductions
- 2009
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Ingår i: Journal of Health Economics. - Amsterdam : ELSEVIER SCIENCE. - 0167-6296 .- 1879-1646. ; 28:3, s. 563-569
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Public investments are dynamic in nature, and decision making must account for the uncertainty, irreversibility and potential for future learning. In this paper we adapt the theory for investment under uncertainty for a public referendum setting and perform the first empirical test to show that estimates of the value of a statistical lite (VSL) from stated preference surveys are highly dependent on the inclusion of the option value. Our results indicate an option value of a major economic magnitude. This implies that previously reported VSL estimates, used in societal benefit-cost analysis of health investments, are exaggerated.
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| 3. |
- Rahimi, Bahlol, et al.
(författare)
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Organization-wide adoption of computerized provider order entry systems: a study based on diffusion of innovations theory
- 2009
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Ingår i: BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1472-6947. ; 9:52
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Computerized provider order entry (CPOE) systems have been introduced to reduce medication errors, increase safety, improve work-flow efficiency, and increase medical service quality at the moment of prescription. Making the impact of CPOE systems more observable may facilitate their adoption by users. We set out to examine factors associated with the adoption of a CPOE system for inter-organizational and intra-organizational care. Methods: The diffusion of innovation theory was used to understand physicians and nurses attitudes and thoughts about implementation and use of the CPOE system. Two online survey questionnaires were distributed to all physicians and nurses using a CPOE system in county-wide healthcare organizations. The number of complete questionnaires analyzed was 134 from 200 nurses (67.0%) and 176 from 741 physicians (23.8%). Data were analyzed using descriptive-analytical statistical methods. Results: More nurses (56.7%) than physicians (31.3%) stated that the CPOE system introduction had worked well in their clinical setting (P andlt; 0.001). Similarly, more physicians (73.9%) than nurses (50.7%) reported that they found the system not adapted to their specific professional practice (P = andlt; 0.001). Also more physicians (25.0%) than nurses (13.4%) stated that they did want to return to the previous system (P = 0.041). We found that in particular the received relative advantages of the CPOE system were estimated to be significantly (P andlt; 0.001) higher among nurses (39.6%) than physicians (16.5%). However, physicians agreements with the compatibility of the CPOE and with its complexity were significantly higher than the nurses (P andlt; 0.001). Conclusions: Qualifications for CPOE adoption as defined by three attributes of diffusion of innovation theory were not satisfied in the study setting. CPOE systems are introduced as a response to the present limitations in paper-based systems. In consequence, user expectations are often high on their relative advantages as well as on a low level of complexity. Building CPOE systems therefore requires designs that can provide rather important additional advantages, e. g. by preventing prescription errors and ultimately improving patient safety and safety of clinical work. The decision-making process leading to the implementation and use of CPOE systems in healthcare therefore has to be improved. As any change in health service settings usually faces resistance, we emphasize that CPOE system designers and healthcare decision-makers should continually collect users feedback about the systems, while not forgetting that it also is necessary to inform the users about the potential benefits involved.
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| 4. |
- Svensson, Mikael, 1980-
(författare)
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Precautionary behavior and willingness to pay for a mortality risk reduction : searching for the expected relationship
- 2009
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Ingår i: Journal of Risk and Uncertainty. - : Springer Netherlands. - 0895-5646 .- 1573-0476. ; 39:1, s. 65-85
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper examines within-sample correlation between six different precautionary behaviors and stated willingness to pay for a mortality risk reduction. The paper also shows estimates of the value of a statistical life based on seat belt and bicycle helmet use as well as based on the stated willingness to pay for a risk reduction in traffic mortality. Contrary to the theoretical expectations, no correlation is found between precautionary behavior and stated willingness to pay. One major explanation is that females and the elderly take more precaution, but state a lower WTP for a risk reduction. The estimates of VSL from the different approaches are 11.0 million,11.0million,5.0 million and $2.8 million from stated WTP, bicycle helmet use and seat belt use, respectively.
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| 5. |
- Svensson, Mikael, 1980-
(författare)
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The Value of a Statistical Life in Sweden : Estimates from Two Studies using the "Certainty Approach" Calibration
- 2009
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Ingår i: Accident Analysis and Prevention. - : Elsevier BV. - 0001-4575 .- 1879-2057. ; 41:3, s. 430-437
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Stated preference methods using surveys to elicit willingness to pay have been shown to suffer from hypothetical bias and scope/scale bias. Hypothetical bias usually means that willingness to pay is exaggerated in the hypothetical scenario and scope/scale bias means that there is an insensitivity in willingness to pay with regard to the amount of goods or the size of a good being valued. Experimental results in social psychology and economics have shown that only trusting the most certain respondents can potentially solve the problem with hypothetical bias and scope/scale bias. This paper presents the results of two different surveys in Sweden estimating the willingness to pay to reduce traffic mortality risks by only including the most certain respondents. Using the full sample, estimates of the value of a statistical life (VOSL) are $4.2 and $7.3 million. Estimates of VOSL on the subset of the samples only including the most certain respondents are lower and consistent between the two surveys with values of $2.9 and $3.1 million.
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| 6. |
- Andersson, Henrik, et al.
(författare)
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Cognitive ability and scale bias in the contingent valuation method : An analysis of willingness to pay to reduce mortality risk
- 2008
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Ingår i: Environmental and Resource Economics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0924-6460 .- 1573-1502. ; 39:4, s. 481-495
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study investigates whether or not the scale bias found in contingent valuation (CVM) studies on mortality risk reductions is a result of cognitive constraints among respondents. Scale bias refers to insensitivity and non-near-proportionality of the respondents’ willingness to pay (WTP) to the size of the risk reduction. Two hundred Swedish students participated in an experiment in which their cognitive ability was tested before they took part in a CVM-study asking them about their WTP to reduce bus-mortality risk. The results imply that WTP answers from respondents with a higher cognitive ability are less flawed by scale bias
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| 7. |
- Hultkrantz, Lars, et al.
(författare)
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Värdet av liv
- 2008
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Ingår i: Ekonomisk debatt. - 0345-2646. ; 36:2, s. 5-16
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Forskningsöversikt (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Vi ställs varje dag inför avvägningar som innebär att små risker för att råka illa ut till liv och hälsa ställs mot annan konsumtion, t ex när vi trycker olika hårt på gaspedalen eller avstår från att platta till frisyren med en cykelhjälm. Även många prioriteringsbeslut i den offentliga sektorn har en sådan karaktär. För att kunna genomföra samhällsekonomiska analyser av säkerhetshöjande åtgärder krävs att räddade liv förses med en prislapp. I den här artikeln presenterar vi en översikt av forskningen kring värdering av liv med speciellt svenskt fokus, och föreslår att liv bör räddas upp till en kostnad av 21 miljoner kr.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Svensson, Mikael, et al.
(författare)
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Värdet av liv
- 2008
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Ingår i: Ekonomisk Debatt.
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Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)
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| 10. |
- Andersson, Henrik, et al.
(författare)
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Cognitive ability and scale bias in the contingent valuation method
- 2007
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Rapport (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- This study investigates whether or not the scale bias found in contingent valuation (CVM) studies on mortality risk reductions is a result of cognitive constraints among respondents. Scale bias refers to insensitivity and non near-proportionality of the respondents' willingness to pay (WTP) to the size of the risk reduction. Two hundred Swedish students participated in an experiment where their cognitive ability was tested before they took part in a CVM-study where they were asked about their WTP to reduce bus-mortality risk. The results imply that WTP answers from respondents with a higher cognitive ability are less flawed by scale bias.
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