| 1. |
- Johansson-Stenman, Olof, 1966
(författare)
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Estimating individual driving distance by car and public transport use in Sweden
- 2001
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- How much to drive, and how much to use public transport, are modelled as three- and two level decisions, respectively, based on micro-data for Sweden. The choices whether to have a car, whether to drive given access to a car, and how much to drive given that the individual drives at all are then estimated using a three equation model. Also after correcting for other variables, such as income, men are driving much more, and using less public transport, compared to women. People living in big cities are less likely to drive, but those who do are on average driving about as much as others. Age and access to company-cars are also important determinants for travel behaviour, but being a member of an environmental organisation is not. Driving increases with income, but to a lower degree compared to most aggregated studies on national level. The difference is explained in a simple model with income-dependent structural changes, implying that it becomes more difficult to live without a car when average income increases. This indirect effect is found to be of a similar size as the ordinary income elasticity typically found in cross-section analysis within a country or region.
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| 2. |
- Abou-Ali, Hala, 1972
(författare)
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Child mortality, wealth and education: direct versus indirect effects
- 2003
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Controlling for the Egyptian household choice of health infrastructure (i.e., sanitation facility and water accessibility) is done by means of a discrete choice approach consistent with the random utility model. Evidence of the importance of the indirect effect of the source of drinking water on child mortality is found. Furthermore, changes in wealth and education levels are assessed taking into consideration a priori the choice of health infrastructure. The analysis suggests that wealth and education contribute to the child mortality reduction.
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| 3. |
- Abou-Ali, Hala, 1972, et al.
(författare)
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Evaluating the welfare effects of improved water qualityusing the choice experiment method
- 2004
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper analyzes the welfare effects of improved health status through increased water quality using a choice experiment. The survey was administered to a random sample of households in metropolitan Cairo, Egypt. We apply a random parameter logit model in the analysis and illustrate the richness of information that can be obtained from this type of model by estimating individual level willingness to pay (WTP). We find a significant WTP for improved health status, both for short-run and long-run health effects. However, the estimated WTP is fairly low compared with the costs of a program that would achieve these improvements.
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| 4. |
- Abou-Ali, Hala, 1972
(författare)
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The effect of water and sanitation on child mortality in Egypt
- 2003
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper assesses water and sanitation´s impacts on child mortality in Egypt. The analysis is conducted using a three-part model specification, comprising discrete choice to model the child prospects of dying during the neonatal period. The remaining parts uses transition models to model infant and childhood risk of death where unobserved heterogeneity is accounted for. The results show that access to municipal water decreases the risk and sanitation is found to have a more pronounced impact on mortality than water. The results suggest that increasing awareness of the Egyptian population relative to health care and hygiene is an important feature to decrease child´s mortality risk. Moreover, gender discrimination is found to be of an important effect beyond the neonatal period.
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| 5. |
- Abou-Ali, Hala, 1972
(författare)
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Using stated preference methods to evaluate the impact of water onhealth: the case of metropolitan Cairo
- 2003
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper analysis the impact of better water quality on health improvements using two stated preference methods: choice experiments and the contingent valuation method. These methods were administered to a random sample of 1500 households living in metropolitan Cairo, Egypt. The results indicate that households living in Metropolitan Cairo have a positive but rather small willingness to pay for reducing health risks owing to water quality.
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| 6. |
- Adler, Johan, 1970
(författare)
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From closed to open door policy: An empirical study of Chinas international capital mobility, 1958-98
- 2001
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper employs the intertemporal consumption smoothing approach to the current account to measure the effective degree of Chinas international capital mobility during the period 1958-98. In contrast to all previous known country studies using this framework, the hypothesis that capital has been at least mobile enough to allow for full consumption smoothing behavior is rejected. Also, although there is clear evidence of a drastic increase in mobility following the introduction of the open door policy in teh late 1970s, the result indicate that there remain effective barriers to Chinas international capital movements.
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| 7. |
- Adler, Johan, 1970
(författare)
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Has Sweden´s government budget policy been too discretionary? Evidence from a generalization of the tax smoothing hypothesis
- 2003
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Barro's (1979) tax smoothing hypothesis (TSH) assumes that the government is always subject to an "optimal" degree of discretion in budget policy, i.e., optimal in the sense that the welfare costs from taxation are minimized. This paper proposes a generalization of the TSH that relaxes this crucial assumption. Postwar evidence for Sweden indicates that in contrast to the TSH, the generalized model provides close to a perfect fit: Tax smoothing behavior in combination with more discretion in budget policy relative to what is optimal, can explain all shifts in the central government's budget balance, including the dramatic shifts during the period 1970-96.
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| 8. |
- Adler, Johan, 1970
(författare)
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The open economy excess sensitivity hypothesis: Theory and Swedish evidence
- 2003
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper extends the theory of open economy consumption behavior by applying Flavin's (1993) excess sensitivity hypothesis (ESH) to the current account. The ESH can be interpreted as a generalization of the open economy permanent income hypothesis (PIH) that allows for any degree of international capital mobility. As such, the ESH can account for why the PIH fails and for the related puzzle of an "excessively volatile" current account. Furthermore, the ESH suggests an alternative approach for assessing a country's degree of international capital mobility. Using annual Swedish data for the period 1951-99, the empirical evidence implies that, in contrast to the PIH, the ESH cannot be rejected.
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| 9. |
- Alpizar, Francisco, 1974, et al.
(författare)
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How Much Do We Care About Absolute Versus Relative Income and Consumption?
- 2001
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- We find, using survey-experimental methods, that most individuals are concerned with both relative income and relative consumption of particular goods. The degree of concern varies in the expected direction depending on the properties of the good. However, contrary to what has been suggested in the previous literature, we find that relative consumption is also important for vacation and insurance, which are typically seen as non-positional goods. Further, absolute consumption is also found to be important for cars and housing, which are widely regarded as highly positional. Implications for Pareto-efficient taxation are illustrated using the results from the experiment.
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| 10. |
- Alpizar, Francisco, 1974, et al.
(författare)
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Policy Implications and Analysis of the Determinants of Travel Mode Choice: An Application of Choice Experiments to Metropolitan Costa Rica
- 2001
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In this paper we study a group of policies aimed at discouraging the use of private transportation during peak hours, both directly and indirectly, by increasing the attractiveness of the only available substitute, the bus. This is done using a choice experiment constructed to find the answer to the following basic question: Given fixed house-to-work structures and no working hour flexibility, by how much is the choice of travel mode for commuters to work sensitive to changes in travel time, changes in costs for each mode and other service attributes? This information is then used to identify the most suitable combination of policies dealing with air pollution and congestion in the typical developing country context of metropolitan Costa Rica. We also provide estimates of the value of travel time as a measure of the potential benefits gained from reduced congestion.
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