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- Berglund, Tomas, 1967
(författare)
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Attityder till arbete i Västeuropa och USA. Teoretiska perspektiv och analyser av data från sex länder : Attitudes toward Work in Western Europe and the United States - theoretical perspectives and empirical analyses of data from six countries
- 2001
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis studies attitudes toward work, the structural and culturai factors which are important for how individuals regard work, and the psychological processes that can generate different attitudes toward work. The empirical material analysed consists of two questionnaire surveys (Work orientatio n 1997 and 1989) under the International Social Survey Programme (ISSP). The countries studied are Sweden, Norway, Germany, France, Great Britain and the USA. By factor analysis, four attitude patterns are identified. The first, called an altruistic attitude, emphasizes the social value of work. The second is called a materialistic attitude and values career opportunities and high salary. In the third, an instrumental attitude, work is seen primarilyas ameans of sustenance. The fourth attitude pattern is called an individualistic attitude and values independence in work. These attitude patterns are established with varying strength in different countries. An explanatory model is tested that combines two social dimensions: hierarchy and social integration. The model forms four situations in which the different attitudes are assumed to be common. The model is tested empirically and has greatest relevance in Sweden, Germany and Norway. The altruistic attitude is most common in a situation of subordination and high loyalty toward the organization. The instrumental attitude is commonest in a subordinate position where the employee feels low loyalty toward the organization. The individualistic attitude is most widespread among professionals with low loyalty toward the organization. The materialistic attitude is commonest among managers with high loyalty toward the organization. In the other three countries, the expected patterns occur only for the instrumental attitude toward work. The thesis investigates whether three psychological processes are active in the mode!. The first process emphasizes learning: an individual draws lessons from his/her working situation and expresses perceptions that are realistic in it. The general empirical result is that the attitudes are expressed in working situations which have the characteristics that are valued by those attitudes. The instrumental attitude deviates in exhibiting a negative connection with favourable working conditions. The second process concerns the importance of identifYing with the organization's values and norms for the attitudes expressed by the individual. This is studied empirically by analysing the connections between loyalty and the different attitudes. Public employees in several countries show a strong link between loyalty to the organization and an altruistic attitude toward work. For the instrumental attitude, there is a dear negative connection with loyalty. The third process involves the significance of contradictory working situations for the individual's attitudes. These situations are defined by conflict between the individual's lhner values and his/her knowledge of externai conditions. In Sweden and Germany, the altruistic attitude is of ten expressed by private employees who are anxious about losing their jobs and, at the same time, feel highly loyal toward the organization. The individualistic attitude is expressed by individuals who have career ambitions and simultaneously feel dissatisfied about their present work. The results indicate that the altruistic and individualistic attitudes may be expressed in order to cope with contradictory working situations.
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- Chronholm, Anders, 1950
(författare)
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Föräldraledig pappa: Mäns erfarenheter av delad föräldraledighet : Fathers on parentalleave - Men's experiences of shared parentalleave
- 2004
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The central problem area of this dissertation concems fathers' experiences of shared parental leave. The study is based on a questionnaire and qualitative interviews with men who had taken advantage of paid parentalleave for 120 days or more during the years 1992-1999. The fathers who answered the questionnaire numbered 188 and most of them were the main caregivers of their children during their leave period. The results presented here mainly come from this questionnaire and 19 of the interviews made af ter the survey. Both the fathers and their partners were anxious to share the parentalleave and the decision of ten was taken a long time in advance. Many of the men also had made early workplace agreements explaining that they wanted to take a long period of parentalleave. Half of the fathers had used 180 or more parentalleave days and a majority were alone with their children six hours or more each day. Fifty percent of the women worked full time during the father' s parentalleave and about twenty percent worked part time. Almost half of the fathers started their parentalleave when their children were not more than six months old. A combination of male child-orientation and female work-orientation seems to be the most common pattem among the couples in our study. From agender perspective the men's experiences of their parentalleave show only small differences between fatherhood and motherhood regarding the care of the child. About two thirds of the men who answered the questionnaire did not think that fathers and mothers should have different tasks. However, many of the men during the interviews could point out differences between themselves and women on parentalleave. Especially the women's conversations about female experiences such as pregnancy and breast-feeding could make the fathers feelleft out and miss their contact with other men.Those who had contact with other fathers during their parentalleave also described their activities during the parentalleave as different from women's. During their parentalleave many of the men took more responsibility for housework than they usually did during the time both parents were at home. Some of the fathers found that they gained new insights by being alone at home with their child and became more motivated to do housework. The housework acquired a new meaning for them when they could relate it to the well-being of the child. Of the fathers who completed the questionnaire, 22 percent were not bom in Sweden. While the Swedish-bom fathers mainly did include housework in their responsibilities during the parentalleave, the immigrant fathers seemed to concentrate on child care, mainly leaving the responsibility for housework to the women. A reason for this difference could be that more of the mothers living with Swedish-bom fathers were working when the father took parentalleave. Although half of the women in both groups were highly educated, only 43 percent of the women living with immigrant fathers were employed during the fathers' parentalleave, while 79 percent of the partners of the Swedish-bom fathers were working.
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- Engdahl, Oskar, 1974
(författare)
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I finansvärldens bakre regioner. En studie om finansiella offshore-marknader och ekonomisk brottslighet : In the Rear Regions of the Financial World. A study of offshore financial markets and economic crime.
- 2003
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This dissertation deals with offshore financial markets and econornic crime. Its aim is to contribute to greater sociological knowledge of these phenomena and their mutual relationship. The concrete issues concern how offshore financial markets and economic crime on such markets operate, what social functions they fulfill, and which social conditions underlie them. The dissertation consists of four parts. In the first part, methods and types of material are discussed. The work is based primarily on case studies, whose sources consist of material from legal proceedings as well as documents from national and international agencies in the field. In the second part, the dissertation's sociological perspective and analytical framework are treated. The perspective comprises a three-dimensional analytical model where social actions and relations are studied as practices built up from meaning, rationality, and capital. The perspective is constructed for financial and legal relations as well as economic crime. The third part is the dissertation's empirical section and consists of three case studies. In the first study; it is seen how and why offshore financial markets arose during the late 1950s, and thereafter developed into an ever more integrated and significant portion of the global world economy by the early 2000s, of ten associated with tax havens. The second and third studies contain legal cases of economic crime via offshore financial markets. In the second study, a large number of international cases of historical character are examined generally. In the third, a smaller number of contemporary Swedish cases are considered in detail. The fourth part recapitulates the main features of the investigation and fits them into a wider context. With the help of the analytical framework and case studies, it is shown how offshore financial markets constitute a specific international configuration wherein activities that are incompatible with nationallaws can be circumvented and concealed, through the fact that the markets are characterized by strict secrecy, absence of conventionai regulations and laws, or total lack of taxation. As a result, the markets can function as "flags of convenience" for financial capital and as a "rear region" for economic crime. Activities that conflict with ideal norms can be located here and - using diverse" stagecraft accessories" in the form of fictitious testimonials, false invoices and dummy firrns - are hidden so that one can present oneself in a desirable manner in the front regions" onshore". l1ms one erects the "fac;ade" which becomes a kind of shell hiding the actor's secret life in the rear regions of the financial world. Finally it is argued that economic crime is a differentiated phenomenon which takes manifold forms and is caused by widely distinct social conditions, where processes that involve monetarization and juridification of a practice are the critical elements. A certain sort of personality or social relationship beyond this plays only a secondary role in understanding econornic crime.
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