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- Nyman, Maria
(författare)
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Resandets gränser : svenska resenärers skildringar av Ryssland under 1700-talet
- 2013
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Maria Nyman The Borders of travelling. Russia in Swedish travel accounts during the 18th century. The primary objective of this study concerns how culturally created images of the Same and the Other, is expressed in descriptions of a journey, a sojourn someplace else. More specifically, the dissertation investigates how a number of Swedes, travelling during the eighteenth- and early nineteenth centuries, described their experiences in and of, Russia. The analysis focus on how the journey is described, the person writing, and the discursive formation of borders which inform the text. The first part of the study centre on the “scientific” creation of Russia and its borderlands. Here, the travel writers make clear Russia’s key position as a borderland between Europe and Asia, as well as the centrality of mapping the unknown for knowledge to underpin both the Russian and the European self-image. The consequent knowledge of the Other, the people of north-east Siberia in particular, could then be disseminated throughout Europe’s universities and Academies of Science. Here, Russia is seen as a sort of”stage” were travelers, natural historians and mapmakers fought for positions in this transmission of knowledge. Many of the travelers lingered on themes common in several accounts from the time. The question; are they civilized? Echoes in the accounts. I have shown how traveler’s descriptions of the religious practices of the Russians, of gender relations, and in particular, descriptions of women, were frequently commented upon. Most notably, it was the encounter with the Russian orthodox religion that created the clearest divide between a Swedish protestant ”Us” and a Russian ”Them”, but also, this divide decreased when travelers encountered people and religious practices outside the Russian orthodox sphere. How ”othering” is a practice carried out on a floating scale, becomes evident here. Two concepts, or phenomena, create boundaries in many of these accounts and in travel accounts in general, these are the concepts representation/image and encounter. In the two last chapters, the Swedish/Finnish traveler and prisoner of war, Adelaide von Hauswolff’s and the student Eric Gustaf Ehrström’s, travel diaries are studied. Here, the question of why some travelers seem to describe encounters, and seemingly, comes close to the country and its inhabitants, when others do not, is in focus. The traveler’s position within the texts is studied and categories such as gender, class, and ethnicity are seen as categories directing the positions taken by the travel writer. These categories influenced the texts to a great extent, but not always at the same time. Encounters were being described, positions altered, discourses challenged, but also withheld. Travelers wrote on different subjects, with different strategies, from different places and for different reasons. And still, centuries-old images and a discursively constructed knowledge of Russia, put its strong mark on these 18th centuries’ texts. Keywords:Travel, travel accounts, encounters, representations, colonial, discourse, gender, class/status, Protestant, Russian-orthodox, religions, Siberia, Russia, Europe, Sweden,18th century. Swedish With an English summary ISSN 1652-7399 ISSN 1650-755X ISBN 978-91-7473-571-0 (tryck) 978-91-7473-572-7 (digital) Södertörns högskola, SE-141 89 Huddinge, publications@sh.se Organization Document name LUND UNIVERSITY DOCTORAL DISSERTATION Department of History Box 2074 S-220 02 Lund Sweden June 2013
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| 2. |
- Alm, Anna
(författare)
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Upplevelsens poetik : slöjdseminariet på Nääs 1880–1940
- 2012
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This dissertation examines aspects of the experience of being a student at Nääs’ sloydseminar between 1880 and 1940 and what consequences it had for the participants. The experience was more or less consciously constructed by the charismatic leader Otto Salomon and after his death in 1907 the responsability of ”composing” the experience was put on Rurik Holm, pedagogical manager between 1913 and 1942. The environment and the activities at Nääs became life-changing for many participants. By looking at the experience from a number of sides I am able to dissect the ingredients of that experience. The first analytical chapter is therefore about Swedish sloyd and the construction of a pioneer project that was to find its way into an emerging national andinternational schoolsystem. The experience of being a pioneer and part of a pioneer movement was one part of the experience of Nääs. In the second analytical chapter my aim is to get past the subject of sloyd and into the reality of Nääs. I analyse entering and leaving Nääs as a ritual act. The life at Nääs is examined and special consideration is put on the community at Nääs and on its actions of becoming a community. In the last analytical chapter I analyse the encounter with the outside world after leaving Nääs and which role the experience played in this encounter. My approach is a hermeneutical one although I have theoretical considerations leading in other directions; the function of ritual structure and actions or the forming of a pioneer project.
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| 3. |
- Jonsson Malm, Carolina
(författare)
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Att plantera ett barn : internationella adoptioner och assisterad befruktning i svensk reproduktionspolitik
- 2011
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The purpose of this thesis is to study the norms and values surrounding the family and the nation-state in Swedish family policy as they appear in Official Government Reports (SOU) on international adoption and assisted reproductive technology (ART) between 1953 and 2007. I argue that the committees’ reports can be viewed as normative statements constituting a hegemonic state discourse. The methodological approach is based on the ideas of Michel Foucault, especially the concepts relating to governmentality, such as power, knowledge, discipline and normalization, and the theoretical framework is inspired by feminist, postcolonial, and intersectionality critique of the nuclear family, heteronormativity, nationalism, and citizenship. In my analysis, focus is on similarity and difference, continuity and change, in the governmental committees’ notions of what is natural, normal, and morally right when it comes to reproduction and family relations. International adoptions have been regarded as humanitarian aid for third world countries, but they have also been associated with corruption, kidnapping, baby-selling, and the exploitation of poor countries. The committees’ have worried about the adopted children’s ability to adapt, their psychological health, and the question of origin. The right to know one’s origin is also considered to be of great importance for children conceived after ART. Reproductive technology was met in the beginning with suspicion and distrust, however, the techniques have been naturalized, and there has been a gradual liberalization of ART legislation in Sweden, which has opened up opportunities for alternative families. A central conclusion of this thesis is that the Swedish reproduction policies in late modernity are very complex, partly full of contradictions and ever changing. What is constant is the will to govern. Governing is achieved through positive governing such as information, education, treatment, benefits, and financial support, or through negative governing such as exclusions, prohibitions, penalties, and correctional measures. The reports are characterized by an interdependence between power and knowledge. Scientific knowledge, especially medical, psychological, and social scientific knowledge, is important for the committees’ arguments, but at the same time the scientists too are subject to government regulation, as some scientific disciplines and research fields are privileged over others. Processes of normalization and disciplination seem to be fundamental for surveillance of the individuals concerned and the society at large. I suggest that the committees’ main goal is to create responsible, society-changing, and self-governing citizens who live up to the norm.
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| 4. |
- Nyman, Maria
(författare)
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Resandets gränser : Svenska resenärers skildringar av Ryssland under 1700-talet
- 2013
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- 1700-talet kan på många sätt ses som det århundrade då den litterära genren ”reseskildringar” fick sitt genomslag i Europa. Det fanns ett stort intresse för att läsa om resor och beskrivningar av okända platser. Det var också en period när naturalhistoria och den alltmer detaljerade kartläggningen av vad som ansågs vara outforskade områden, gav en ny dimension till resenärers beskrivningar. I Resandets gränser står frågan om hur svenska resenärer skildrat det ryska riket och dess många folkgrupper i fokus. Genom en analys av svenskars rysslandsskildringar från det stora nordiska krigets dagar, fram till separationen från Finland och Napoleons intåg i det ryska riket, belyses skildringarnas mångbottnade funktioner och tillkomstsätt. Vilken roll spelade Ryssland i den svenska och europeiska omvärldsförståelsen?Resandets gränser är en studie som berör hur människor har förhållit sig till det främmande och annorlunda och vilka strategier som använts för att beskriva detta. Det handlar om kulturella normer, respresentationer, men även om resenärers möjligheter, och svårigheter att beskriva mänskliga möten.Maria Nyman är historiker och verksam vid Södertörns högskola, samt knuten till Lunds universitet och Forskarskolan i historia. Det här är hennes doktorsavhandling.
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| 5. |
- Sebro, Louise
(författare)
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Mellem afrikaner og kreol : etnisk identitet og social navigation i Dansk Vestindien 1730–1770
- 2010
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The central question of the dissertation is whether and how African Caribbeans in the Danish West Indies identified themselves with African ethnic groups. The dissertation discusses if and how such identifications played a role in the social life of African Caribbeans and influenced how new social networks developed in the colony. The dissertation is shaped as a micro study focusing on members of the Moravian congregation. It is divided in five chapters. The first chapter argues that African ethnic designations reflect African Caribbeans' own ideas of belonging to ethnically defined groups referring to Africa. At the same time, however, it is shown how the meaning of such designations were influenced and creolized by the trans-Atlantic journey and the realities of life in the slave society. The second chapter investigates the connections between the identification by African Caribbeans with African ethnic terms and cultural traits, and the formation of social networks in the Danish West Indies through a discussion of four themes: African languages, constructed kinship relations, African religious life, and the St. John slave revolt of 1733-34. The main contribution of the chapter is to suggest new interpretations of African Caribbean cultural life and the dynamics of social networking as a consequence of the conclusions of chapter one. The third chapter situates the conclusions about the importance of African ethnic identities and network relations in a wider context of group formation in the Danish West Indian society. The chapter focuses on the plantation and the Moravian congregation as important social networks. By relating these to the existence of networks based on ethnic belonging it is suggested that individuals' and groups' participation in different networks at the same time led to an interweaving of the different networks, and subsequently to their influencing each other. Thus, it is concluded that African ethnic identity formation among African Caribbeans was a fluid, inclusive process in which ethnic designation and networks were mobilized together with Creole networks and institutions. The fourth chapter focuses on how enslaved Africans in the Danish West Indies managed to sustain a spiritual and metaphysical bond to lost kin and a lost homeland. By analyzing ideas about death and spirituality and their practical use and importance in the Caribbean context it is concluded that African belief systems and practices could be used to both sustain ties backwards and also as a way to handle creolization in its early phases. The dissertation ends with a short chapter based on an analysis of the way one woman, Madlena of Popo, named herself differently in different contexts in her Danish West Indian life. Her story symbolizes the conclusion of the dissertation: that most African Caribbeans were neither African nor Creole, but somewhere in between.
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| 6. |
- Tullberg, Andreas
(författare)
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"We are in the Congo now" : Sweden and the trinity of peacekeeping during the Congo crisis 1960-1964
- 2012
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- his work examines the contemporaneous Swedish experience from participation in the United Nations operation in the Congo, ONUC, from 1960 to 1964. Inspired by Carl von Clausewitz’s understanding of war as a trinity consisting of three ‘nodes’: the political authority, the people and the military, this study focuses on the ONUC experience as described by the government in Sweden, leading Swedish news media and the Swedish battalions serving in the Congo. The study demonstrates how the decision to participate, when urged by the UN in 1960, was, more or less, an unanimous decision in Sweden. Several aspects, well rooted in the Swedish self-perception in the 1960s, contributed to the decision. Above all Sweden was considered particularly well suited for the peacekeeping duty. This emanated from a notion of Sweden as a well functioning society, built on consensus and without a ‘colonial baggage’ or open political affiliations in the Cold War. Furthermore, in the UN Sweden saw a way to forward the nation’s political interests, particularly the notion of neutrality. Hence, confidence in the UN was considerable and support to the organisation’s goals was often formulated in terms of ‘duty’. The ONUC, however, soon turned out to be a very confusing and violent mission. In 1961 and 1962 Swedish battalions became directly involved in military confrontations and Swedish soldiers both killed and were killed in the Congo. At the same time influential parts of the world opinion, especially in Belgium, Great Britain and France, accused the UN of unjust and illegitimate behaviour in the Congo. The study shows that the events in the Congo tested the former pre-understanding in Sweden of what peacekeeping was, or ought to be, and thus challenged the domestic support for Swedish participation. Hence, the events in the Congo tested the stability of the analytic trinity. Dichotomies such as war–peace, national–international and military–civilian were given different meanings as they were described and discussed by the different nodes in the trinity. In the end, the trinity held together much due to political consensus in Sweden and by the fact that the UN in 1963 prevailed in the military struggle in the Congo. This did not bring an end to the political chaos in the Congo but it created a window of opportunities for the UN and Sweden to withdraw in 1964, claiming that the mandate had been fulfilled.
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