| 1. |
- Landin, Per N.
(författare)
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On Radio Frequency Behavioral Modeling : Measurement Techniques, Devices and Validation Aspects
- 2009
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Effektförstärkare för radiofrekvensapplikationer utgör fortfarande ett av de största problemen i trådlösa kommunikationssystem. Detta beror på att dessa förstärkare är ickelinjära, har låg energieffektivitet och ger mycket distortioner. Bättre verktyg för att förstå och korrigera dessa beteenden är nödvändiga. Ett sådant verktyg är beteendemodellering. En beteendemodell kan ses som en svart låda med insignal(er) och utsignal(er). In detta fall är dessa signaler samplade basbandssignaler och den svarta lådan är en matematisk relation mellan en insignal och en utsignal. Avhandlingen behandlar några krav för beteendemodellering av nämnda system genom att presentera metoder för utvärdering och förbättring av modellernas prestanda. Detta åstadkoms genom att betrakta ett frekvensviktat felkriterium. Ett högpresterande mätsystem är också nödvändigt för experimenten. Prestandan hos det tillgängliga systemet jämförs med prestandan hos ett allmänt erkänt mätsystem, en s.k. storsignalsnätverksanalysator, genom att betrakta prestandan hos beteendemodellerna som extraheras och valideras med data från respektive mätsystem. Resultatet visar att det existerande mätsystemet har god prestanda. Ett stort problem vid beteendemodellering är att kunna sampla med tillräckligt hög hastighet. Genom att använda Zhu-Franks generaliserade samplingsteorem vid beteendemodellering kan en del av detta problem undvikas. Teoremet medför att man kan sampla med en väsentligt lägre samlingsfrekvens än vad Nyquistteoremet säger. Modeller extraheras och prestandan utvärderas genom att använda kriteriet normalized mean square error (NMSE). För stabil prediktion och korrektion av utsignalen måste robustheten hos de använda modellerna verifieras. En sådan studie som berör robustheten mot variationer i lastimpedansen har genomförts. Prestandan på direkta modeller försämras med 7 dB mätt som adjacent channel error power ratio (ACEPR). Prestanda på inversmodellen, implementerad som digital predistortion, försämras med upp till 13 dB mätt som adjacent channel power ratio (ACPR).
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| 2. |
- Abrahamsson, Lars, 1979-
(författare)
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Railway Power Supply Models and Methods for Long-term Investment Analysis
- 2008
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The aim of the project is to suggest an investment planning programwhere the welfare of the society is to be maximized. In order to beable to decide on a wise investment plan, one needs to know theconsequences of different choices of power system configurations.Therefore the impacts of different future traffic demands are ofinterest for a railway power system owner.Since investments are supposed to last a long time, their futureusage has to be considered. Moreover, the lead times of investmentscan be of considerable duration lengths. Because of the uncertaintyof the future, deterministic case studies might not be suitable andthen a large number of outcomes are to be studied, probable outcomesas well as outcomes with a high level of impact.In order to be able to make a valid long-term investment analysis ofthe railway power supply system, one needs to use proper railwaypower supply models and methods. The aim of this thesis is topresent a stable modeling and methodological basis for the cominginvestment planning phase of this PhD research project. The focus isset on studying the consequences of a railway power supply systemwhich is too weak.The thesis contains an overview of models of some electrical andmechanical relations important for electric traction systems. Someof these models are further developed, and some are modified forimproved computational properties. A flexible electric tractionsystem simulator based on the above mentioned models has beendeveloped and the applied methods and resulting abilities arepresented.The main scientific contribution of this thesis is that a fast andapproximative neural network model, which calculates some importantaggregated results of the interaction between the railway powersystem and the train traffic, has been developed. This approximativemodel was developed in order to reduce computation times. Reductionof computation times is very important when a huge number ofoutcomes are studied. A complete simulation of a train power systemin operation takes a long time, often not less than about a tenth ofthe simulated traffic time. The neural network is trained with someselected aggregated results extracted from a wide set of railwayoperation simulation cases. The choices of network inputs andoutputs are motivated in the thesis. The performance of thesimulator as well as the approximator are visualized in casestudies.
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| 3. |
- Adam, Constantin
(författare)
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A Middleware for Self-Managing Large-Scale Systems
- 2006
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis investigates designs that enable individual components of a distributed system to work together and coordinate their actions towards a common goal. While the basic motivation for our research is to develop engineering principles for large-scale autonomous systems, we address the problem in the context of resource management in server clusters that provide web services. To this end, we have developed, implemented and evaluated a decentralized design for resource management that follows four principles. First, in order to facilitate scalability, each node has only partial knowledge of the system. Second, each node can adapt and change its role at runtime. Third, each node runs a number of local control mechanisms independently and asynchronously from its peers. Fourth, each node dynamically adapts its local configuration in order to optimize a global utility function. The design includes three fundamental building blocks: overlay construction, request routing and application placement. Overlay construction organizes the cluster nodes into a single dynamic overlay. Request routing directs service requests towards nodes with available resources. Application placement partitions the cluster resources between applications, and dynamically adjusts the allocation in response to changes in external load, node failures, etc. We have evaluated the design using complexity analysis, simulation and prototype implementation. Using complexity analysis and simulation, we have shown that the system is scalable, operates efficiently in steady state, quickly adapts to external events and allows for effective service differentiation by a system administrator. A prototype has been built using accepted technologies (Java, Tomcat) and evaluated using standard benchmarks (TPC-W and RUBiS). The evaluation results show that the behavior of the prototype matches closely that of the simulated design for key metrics related to adaptability and robustness, therefore validating our design and proving its feasibility.
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| 4. |
- Alvehag, Karin
(författare)
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Impact of dependencies in risk assessments of power distribution systems
- 2008
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Society has become increasingly dependent on electricity, so power system reliability is of crucial importance. However, while underinvestment leads to an unacceptable number of power outages, overinvestment will result in costs that are too high for society. The challenge is to find a socioeconomically adequate level of risk. In this risk assessment, not only the probability of power outages, but also the severity of their consequences should be included. A risk assessment can be performed from either the perspective of customers or the perspective of the grid owner, depending on whether the consequences faced by customers or the grid owner are considered. Consequences of power outages are usually measured through interruption costs. Examples of interruption costs for the grid owner are customer compensations and loss of goodwill. Examples of interruption costs for customers are retail losses for commercial customers and loss of heating and lighting for residential customers. The aim of this thesis is to develop methods for assessing risks in power distribution systems from the customer-oriented perspective. From this perspective realistic assessments of customer interruption costs are essential. To perform a customer-oriented risk assessment of a distribution system three different models are required: a customer interruption cost model, a load model and a reliability model. The customer interruption cost model describes the consequences, or costs, of power outages that customers face. The load model predicts the loss of load and the energy not supplied due to power outages. The reliability model describes component failures, which are the root causes of power outages, and the restoration processes that follow. The three models can be used together in a cost-benefit analysis to investigate the consequences for customers due to different investment alternatives. In this thesis a set of new models is developed that incorporates time dependencies in customer interruption costs, load and component failures. The timing of the outage has an impact on the consequences customers face. Severe weather, which is a main contributor to component failures, is generally more common during certain seasons. These facts imply that there may be a correlation between high customer interruption costs and an increased risk for power outages. In Sweden the frequency of storms is higher during the cold period of the year when the demanded load and customer interruption costs are also high. By taking time dependencies into account, the correlation between high interruption costs and elevated risk for power outages is captured. Results from the risk assessments of two test distribution systems using the models developed in this thesis show that taking time dependencies into account has a considerable impact on the estimation of customer interruption costs and energy not supplied due to outages. To evaluate the risks of extreme costs, the tools Value-at-Risk and Conditional Value-at-Risk which are commonly used in the finance industry are applied. A conclusion that can be drawn from the simulation results is that taking time dependencies into account is especially important when considering extreme outage events that give rise to extreme costs.
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| 5. |
- Andersson, Tomas, 1978-
(författare)
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On error-robust source coding with image coding applications
- 2006
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis treats the problem of source coding in situations where the encoded data is subject to errors. The typical scenario is a communication system, where source data such as speech or images should be transmitted from one point to another. A problem is that most communication systems introduce some sort of error in the transmission. A wireless communication link is prone to introduce individual bit errors, while in a packet based network, such as the Internet, packet losses are the main source of error. The traditional approach to this problem is to add error correcting codes on top of the encoded source data, or to employ some scheme for retransmission of lost or corrupted data. The source coding problem is then treated under the assumption that all data that is transmitted from the source encoder reaches the source decoder on the receiving end without any errors. This thesis takes another approach to the problem and treats source and channel coding jointly under the assumption that there is some knowledge about the channel that will be used for transmission. Such joint source--channel coding schemes have potential benefits over the traditional separated approach. More specifically, joint source--channel coding can typically achieve better performance using shorter codes than the separated approach. This is useful in scenarios with constraints on the delay of the system. Two different flavors of joint source--channel coding are treated in this thesis; multiple description coding and channel optimized vector quantization. Channel optimized vector quantization is a technique to directly incorporate knowledge about the channel into the source coder. This thesis contributes to the field by using channel optimized vector quantization in a couple of new scenarios. Multiple description coding is the concept of encoding a source using several different descriptions in order to provide robustness in systems with losses in the transmission. One contribution of this thesis is an improvement to an existing multiple description coding scheme and another contribution is to put multiple description coding in the context of channel optimized vector quantization. The thesis also presents a simple image coder which is used to evaluate some of the results on channel optimized vector quantization.
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| 6. |
- Appelgren, Patrik
(författare)
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Experiments with and modelling of explosively driven mangetic flux compression generators
- 2008
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis presents work performed on explosively driven magnetic flux compression generators. This kind of devices converts the chemically stored energy in a high explosive into electromagnetic energy in the form of a powerful current pulse. The high energy density of the high explosives makes flux compression generators attractive as compact power sources. In order to study these devices a generator was designed at FOI in the mid-90ies. Two generators remained unused and became available for this licentiate work. The thesis reports experiments with, and simulations of, the operation of the two remaining generators. The aim was to fully understand the performance of the generator design and be able to accurately simulate its behaviour. The generators were improved and fitted with various types of diagnostics to monitor the generator operation. Two experiments were performed of which the first generator was operated well below its current capability limits while the second was stressed far above its limits. Since the generator generates a rapidly increasing current, a current measurement is the most important diagnostic revealing the current amplification of the generator and its overall performance. Further it is important to measure the timing of various events in the generator. With a common time reference it is possible to combine data from different probes and extract interesting information which cannot be directly obtained with a single measurement. Two types of numerical simulations have been performed: Hydrodynamic simulations of the high explosive interaction with the armature were used to verify the measured armature dynamics. A zero-dimensional code was used to perform circuit simulations of the generator. The model takes into account the inductance reduction due to the compression of the generator as well as the change in conductivity due to heating of the conductors in the generators.
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| 7. |
- Austrin, Lars
(författare)
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On magnetic amplifiers in aircraft applications
- 2007
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In the process of designing an electric power supply system for an aircraft, parameters like low weight and low losses are important. Reliability, robustness and low cost are other important factors. In the Saab Gripen aircraft, the design of the primary power supply of the electric flight control system was updated by exchanging a switching transistor regulator to a magnetic amplifier (magamp). By introducing a magamp design, weight was saved and a more reliable power supply system at a lower cost was achieved. In this particular case, with the power supply of the electric flight control system in the Saab Gripen fighter, advantage could be taken of a specific permanent magnet generator (PM-generator). The frequency of the generator offered the perfect conditions for a magamp controller. A key parameter in designing magnetic amplifiers (magamps) is low losses. New amorphous alloys offer new possibilities of the technique in designing magnetic amplifiers, because of their extremely low losses. The core losses are evaluated by studying the equations and diagrams specifying the power losses. The core losses are evaluated and compared with the copper losses in the process of optimizing low weight and low losses. For this an engineering tool is developed and demonstrated. Evaluations of the hysteresis characteristics for the magnetic alloys, as well as modeling and simulation of the core losses, are presented in this work. The modeling of the core losses includes hysteresis losses, eddy current losses and excess losses as well as copper losses. The losses are studied dynamically during realistic operational conditions. The model can be used for any generic analysis of hysteresis in magnetic circuits. Applications of magnetic amplifiers in aircrafts have been demonstrated to be a feasible alternative
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| 8. |
- Bao, Lei, 1976-
(författare)
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Control over Low-Rate Noisy Channels
- 2009
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Networked embedded control systems are present almost everywhere. A recent trendis to introduce radio communication in these systems to increase mobility and flex-ibility. Network nodes, such as the sensors, are often simple devices with limitedcomputing and transmission power and low storage capacity, so an important prob-lem concerns how to optimize the use of resources to provide sustained overall sys-tem performance. The approach to this problem taken in the thesis is to analyzeand design the communication and control application layers in an integrated man-ner. We focus in particular on cross-layer design techniques for closed-loop controlover non-ideal communication channels, motivated by future control systems withvery low-rate and highly quantized sensor communication over noisy links. Severalfundamental problems in the design of source–channel coding and optimal controlfor these systems are discussed.The thesis consists of three parts. The first and main part is devoted to the jointdesign of the coding and control for linear plants, whose state feedback is trans-mitted over a finite-rate noisy channel. The system performance is measured by afinite-horizon linear quadratic cost. We discuss equivalence and separation proper-ties of the system, and conclude that although certainty equivalence does not holdin general it can still be utilized, under certain conditions, to simplify the overalldesign by separating the estimation and the control problems. An iterative opti-mization algorithm for training the encoder–controller pairs, taking channel errorsinto account in the quantizer design, is proposed. Monte Carlo simulations demon-strate promising improvements in performance compared to traditional approaches.In the second part of the thesis, we study the rate allocation problem for statefeedback control of a linear plant over a noisy channel. Optimizing a time-varyingcommunication rate, subject to a maximum average-rate constraint, can be viewedas a method to overcome the limited bandwidth and energy resources and to achievebetter overall performance. The basic idea is to allow the sensor and the controllerto communicate with a higher data rate when it is required. One general obstacle ofoptimal rate allocation is that it often leads to a non-convex and non-linear problem.We deal with this challenge by using high-rate theory and Lagrange duality. It isshown that the proposed method gives a good performance compared to some otherrate allocation schemes.In the third part, encoder–controller design for Gaussian channels is addressed.Optimizing for the Gaussian channel increases the controller complexity substan-tially because the channel output alphabet is now infinite. We show that an efficientcontroller can be implemented using Hadamard techniques. Thereafter, we proposea practical controller that makes use of both soft and hard channel outputs.
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| 9. |
- Bao, Lei, 1976-
(författare)
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Source-channel coding for closed-loop control
- 2006
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Networked embedded control systems are present almost everywhere. A recent trend is to introduce wireless sensor networks in these systems, to take advantage of the added mobility and flexibility offered by wireless solutions. In such networks, the sensor observations are typically quantized and transmitted over noisy links. Concerning the problem of closed-loop control over such non-ideal communication channels, relatively few works have appeared so far. This thesis contributes to this field, by studying some fundamentally important problems in the design of joint source--channel coding and optimal control. The main part of the thesis is devoted to joint design of the coding and control for scalar linear plants, whose state feedbacks are transmitted over binary symmetric channels. The performance is measured by a finite-horizon linear quadratic cost function. The certainty equivalence property of the studied systems is utilized, since it simplifies the overall design by separating the estimation and the control problems. An iterative optimization algorithm for training the encoder--decoder pairs, taking channel errors into account in the quantizer design, is proposed. Monte Carlo simulations demonstrate promising improvements in performance compared to traditional approaches. Event-triggered control strategies are a promising solution to the problem of efficient utilization of communication resources. The basic idea is to let each control loop communicate only when necessary. Event-triggered and quantized control are combined for plants affected by rarely occurring disturbances. Numerical experiments show that it is possible to achieve good control performance with limited control actuation and sensor communication.
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| 10. |
- Barenthin, Märta, 1979-
(författare)
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On input design in system identification for control
- 2006
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- There are many aspects to consider when designing system identification experiments in control applications. Input design is one important issue. This thesis considers input design both for identification of linear time-invariant models and for stability validation. Models obtained from system identification experiments are uncertain due to noise present in measurements. The input spectrum can be used to shape the model quality. A key tool in input design is to introduce a linear parametrization of the spectrum. With this parametrization a number of optimal input design problems can be formulated as convex optimization programs. An Achilles' heel in input design is that the solution depends on the system itself, and this problem can be handled by iterative procedures where the input design is based on a model of the system. Benefits of optimal input design are quantified for typical industrial applications. The result shows that the experiment time can be substantially shortened and that the input power can be reduced. Another contribution of the thesis is a procedure where input design is connected to robust control. For a certain system structure with uncertain parameters, it is shown that the existence of a feedback controller that guarantees a given performance specification can be formulated as a convex optimization program. Furthermore, a method for input design for multivariable systems is proposed. The constraint on the model quality is transformed to a linear matrix inequality using a separation of graphs theorem. The result indicates that in order to obtain a model suitable for control design, it is important to increase the power of the input in the low-gain direction of the system relative to the power in the high-gain direction. A critical issue when validating closed-loop stability is to obtain an accurate estimate of the maximum gain of the system. This problem boils down to finding the input signal that maximizes the gain. Procedures for gain estimation of nonlinear systems are proposed and compared. One approach uses a model of the system to design the optimal input. In other approaches, no model is required, and the system itself determines the optimal input sequence in repeated experiments.
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