| 1. |
|
|
| 2. |
|
|
| 3. |
- Björck, Inger, et al.
(författare)
-
Food properties affecting the digestion and absorption of carbohydrates
- 1994
-
Ingår i: American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. - 0002-9165. ; 59:3 SUPPL., s. 699-705
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Carbohydrate foods differ considerably in their effects on postprandial glucose and insulin responses. Qualitative differences among starchy foods are particularly intriguing because of the dominance of starch in human diets. This paper focuses on food properties in cereal (eg, pasta, bread, Arepas, and porridge) and legume products (eg, red kidney beans and lentils) that affect metabolic responses to starch. Studies in healthy subjects have found that postprandial blood glucose and insulin responses are greatly affected by food structure. Any process that disrupts the physical or botanical structure of food ingredients will increase the plasma glucose and insulin responses. The glycemic responses to bread products were reduced by the use of ingredients with an intact botanical or physical structure or a high amylose content or by enrichment with viscous dietary fiber. However, the important of a moderate increase in the amylose-amylopectin ratio and the naturally occurring levels of viscous cereal fiber is less clear. The rate of starch digestion in vitro was shown to be a key determinant of metabolic responses to most products. Assuming the sample preparation mimics chewing, in vitro enzymic procedures can be used to facilitate ranking. One such procedure, based on chewed rather than artificially disintegrated products, was recently developed and correlates well with glycemic and insulinemic indixes for several starchy foods.
|
|
| 4. |
- Bratteby, L E, et al.
(författare)
-
Total energy expenditure and physical activity as assessed by the doubly labeled water method in Swedish adolescents in whom energy intake was underestimated by 7-d diet records.
- 1998
-
Ingår i: American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. - : Elsevier BV. - 0002-9165 .- 1938-3207. ; 67:5, s. 905-11
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Swedish children and adolescents may be adopting a sedentary lifestyle with low energy expenditures and intakes, but no quantitative data are available. The purpose of the present study in 50 adolescents aged 15 y was to investigate whether assessment of total energy expenditure (TEE) and physical activity level (PAL) by the doubly labeled water method and indirect calorimetry and estimation of energy intake by a 7-d diet record would indicate physical inactivity. The boys' (n = 25) mean weight was 112% and the girls' (n = 25) was 109% of Swedish reference values from 1976; the mean height of both boys and girls was 102% of those reference values. Mean TEE in the boys and girls, 13.82 +/- 1.90 and 10.70 +/- 1.59 MJ/d, and mean PAL (TEE/basal metabolic rate), 1.89 +/- 0.16 and 1.79 +/- 0.22, respectively, were nonsignificantly higher than corresponding figures from other published studies. Mean energy intake as a percentage of TEE was 81.9 +/- 17.9% in the boys and 78.3 +/- 16.4% in the girls. Significant negative correlations were found both between energy intake as a percentage of TEE and percentage body fat and between energy intake as a percentage of TEE and body mass index. These results add to the evidence that 7-d diet records underestimate energy intake in adolescents, particularly those with a tendency for overweight and increased body fat. The results support indications of a trend of increasing body weight and height in Swedish adolescents, but conflict with the presumptions of low physical activity, low energy expenditure, and low energy intake. These results support the view that current recommendations for energy intake during adolescence are too low.
|
|
| 5. |
|
|
| 6. |
|
|
| 7. |
|
|
| 8. |
|
|
| 9. |
- Hallberg, L, et al.
(författare)
-
Iron absorption from the whole diet in men: how effective is the regulation of iron absorption?
- 1997
-
Ingår i: The American journal of clinical nutrition. - : Elsevier BV. - 0002-9165. ; 66:2, s. 347-56
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Iron absorption from the whole diet, which contained a highly bioavailable form of iron, was measured for 5 d in 31 health men, including 12 blood donors. Nonheme iron in all meals was labeled with an extrinsic, inorganic radioiron tracer added in amounts to ensure uniform specific activity in all meals. Heme iron was labeled similarly by using hemoglobin biosynthetically labeled with another radioiron tracer. There was a good inverse relation between total absorption and concentration of serum ferritin up to approximately 60 micrograms/L. In subjects with serum ferritin > 60 micrograms/L there was no relation to iron absorption. At this serum ferritin concentration, absorption decreased to a level just sufficient to cover basal iron losses, implying that at a serum ferritin concentration > or = 60 micrograms/L no further accumulation of iron stores will occur by dietary iron absorption. The findings thus suggest that in normal subjects there is no risk of developing iron overload by iron absorption from the diet even if the diet is fortified. Similar findings were made previously in two studies in women, both of which indicated an effective control of absorption. At the same serum ferritin concentration the absorption per kilogram body weight was the same in men and women served identical diets with a high iron bioavailability. These new observations strongly suggest that translation of serum ferritin concentration into amounts of stored iron should be made with caution and that in subjects with high serum ferritin concentrations, other causes than increased iron stores should be considered. There was effective control of both heme- and nonheme-iron absorption but their relations to iron status were different.
|
|
| 10. |
|
|
