| 1. |
- Sundgren, P, et al.
(författare)
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Elevation of the larynx on normal and abnormal cineradiogram
- 1993
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Ingår i: British Journal of Radiology. - : British Institute of Radiology. - 0007-1285 .- 1748-880X. ; 66:789, s. 72-768
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The relationship between bolus volume (2.5, 5, 10 and 20 ml) and larynx elevation during swallowing was assessed in 10 non-dysphagic and 10 dysphagic individuals without pharyngeal dysfunction. Laryngeal elevation in different types of pharyngeal dysfunction was assessed in 60 non-dysphagic and 75 dysphagic patients. All subjects were examined with liquid barium and cineradiography at 50 frames/s. The laryngeal elevation was measured at the moment when the bolus reached the level of the valleculae and at maximum elevation. Elevation of the larynx, both the initial and maximal, was not influenced by sex, age or presence of dysphagia. Elevation of the larynx at the moment when the bolus reached the valleculae, when expressed in per cent of maximum elevation, was lower with 10 and 20 ml bolus volumes compared with 2.5 ml bolus volume (p < 0.05) in the 10 dysphagic individuals. Pharyngeal dysfunction was associated with significantly lower initial elevation of the larynx, at the moment when the bolus reached the level of the valleculae, although the maximal laryngeal elevation was normal. Initial elevation was 30% lower (p = 0.03) in patients with aspiration of bolus material into the trachea, 22% lower (p = 0.007) in those with defective closure of the laryngeal vestibule without aspiration and 16% lower (p = 0.06) in those with incoordination of the cricopharyngeal muscle compared with patients without dysfunction.
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| 2. |
- Sandborg, Michael, 1961-, et al.
(författare)
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Monte Carlo study of grid performance in diagnostic radiology: factors which affect the selection of tube potential and grid ratio
- 1993
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Ingår i: British Journal of Radiology. - : British Institute of Radiology. - 0007-1285 .- 1748-880X. ; 66, s. 1164-1176
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A Monte Carlo computational model has been developed for the study of the performance of anti-scatter grids in diagnostic radiology. It is used here to estimate the scatter in the image plane from soft tissue phantoms (representing the patient) and to calculate image contrast and the mean absorbed dose in the phantom. Different scattering conditions, representative of various examinations, have been investigated: adult lumbar spine; small field radiography and fluoroscopy; adult chest and paediatric pelvis and chest. For each scattering condition, the combinations of tube potential and grid ratio have been found which, for a well designed grid, result in the lowest mean absorbed dose in the phantom for a fixed contrast level. In examinations which generate large amounts of scatter, the use of high grid ratios in combination with high tube potentials is favourable with regard to both mean absorbed dose in the phantom and tube charge. When less scatter is generated, either the grid ratio or the tube potential can be varied to achieve the desired contrast level. High grid ratios require shorter exposure times, but need careful alignment in the beam to prevent primary radiation cut-off. It is shown that the air gap technique can be used to reduce patient dose in examinations with small amounts of scatter, but in combinations with a lower tube potential than when a grid is used.
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| 3. |
- Sandborg, Michael, 1961-, et al.
(författare)
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Monte Carlo study of grid performance in diagnostic radiology: task dependent optimisation for screen-film imaging
- 1994
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Ingår i: British Journal of Radiology. - : British Institute of Radiology. - 0007-1285 .- 1748-880X. ; 67, s. 76-85
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- An optimization of anti-scatter grid design using Monte Carlo techniques in diagnostic radiology is presented. The criterion for optimization was to find the combinations of the grid parameters (lead strip width, grid ratio and strip density) and tube potential which result in the lowest mean absorbed dose in the patient at fixed image contrast. The optimization was performed in three irradiation geometries, representing different scattering conditions (paediatric examinations, and two adult lumbar spine examinations) and was restricted to grids using fibre materials in covers and interspaces. Grid designs currently available were studied, as were designs which use thinner strips (< 30 µm) and higher grid ratios (> 18). It was found that grids with widely different strip densities (strips cm–1) and grid ratios can have good performance provided that they are used with appropriate strip width and tube potential. With increasing amounts of scatter, the optimal grid requires thicker strips and higher grid ratios. Increasing the strip density and using thinner strips and higher grid ratios are generally required. Grids with low strip density (25 strips cm–1) were found to be less sensitive to alterations in strip width. Optimal grids for paediatric radiology require thinner strips (10–20 µm) than those in currently available grids. Grids on the market are best suited for examinations of the adult body in anteroposterior (AP) view. In the adult lateral view, representing the largest scattering volume, higher grid ratios (> 18) than those in existing grids would be optimal. Examples of good grid designs are given for each examination.
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| 4. |
- Sandborg, Michael, 1961-, et al.
(författare)
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Selection of anti-scatter grids for different imaging tasks: the advantage of low atomic number cover and interspace materials
- 1993
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Ingår i: British Journal of Radiology. - : British Institute of Radiology. - 0007-1285 .- 1748-880X. ; 66, s. 1151-1163
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A Monte Carlo computer program has been developed for the study of anti-scatter grids used in diagnostic radiology. The program estimates the scatter from soft tissue phantoms representative of either adult or paediatric examinations and uses dose increase, signal-to-noise ratio improvement and contrast improvement factors to study grid performance. It has been used to quantify the advantage of replacing grids with aluminium covers and interspaces by grids using materials of low atomic number for these components. Two approaches are used. First, the aluminium and low atomic number alternatives are compared for five grid ratios at fixed strip density and width and for tube potentials of 50, 70, 100 and 150 kV. Second, 44 commercially available grids are compared for three different imaging situations (lumbar spine, chest and paediatric). The results demonstrate that grids made with carbon fibre cover and cotton fibre interspace result in greater improvements in contrast and signal-to-noise ratio, and lower dose increase factors, than do grids made with aluminium. The dose reduction varies with irradiation conditions and is generally larger at lower tube potentials, higher grid ratios and lower strip densities. A typical reduction in mean absorbed dose in the patient is 30% in an adult lumbar spine (AP view) at 70 kV with a grid with 36 strips per centimetre and ratio 12.
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