| 1. |
- Spiegel, David, et al.
(författare)
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Disintegrated experience : The dissociative disorders revisited
- 1991
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Ingår i: Journal of Abnormal Psychology. - 0021-843X. ; 100, s. 366-378
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present proposed changes to the dissociative disorders section of the 4th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders and review the concept of pathological and nonpathological dissociation, including empirical findings on the relations between trauma and dissociative phenomenology and between dissociation and hypnosis. The most important proposals include the creation of two new diagnostic entities, brief reactive dissociative disorder and transient dissociative disturbance, and the readoption of the criterion of amnesia for a multiple personality disorder diagnosis. We conclude that further work on dissociative processes will provide an important link between clinical and experimental approaches to human cognition, emotion, and personality.
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| 2. |
- Soares, Joaquim, 1947-, et al.
(författare)
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On the automatic nature of phobic fear: Conditioned electrodermal responses to masked fear-relevant stimuli
- 1993
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Ingår i: Journal of Abnormal Psychology. - 0021-843X .- 1939-1846. ; 102:1, s. 121-132
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Normal subjects (n = 64) were exposed either to pictures of snakes and spiders or to pictures of flowers and mushrooms in a differential conditioning paradigm in which one of the pictures signaled an electric shock. In a subsequent extinction series, these stimuli were presented backwardly masked by another stimulus for half of the subjects, whereas the other half received non-masked extinction. In support of a hypothesis that suggests that nonconscious information-processing mechanims are sufficient to activate responses to fear-relevant stimuli, differential skin conductance response to masked conditioning and control stimuli was obvious only for subjects conditioned to fear-relevant stimuli. These results were replicated in a second experiment (n = 32), which also demonstrated that the effect was unaffected by which visual half-field was used for stimulus presentation.
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| 3. |
- Öhman, A, et al.
(författare)
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Unconscious anxiety: Phobic responses to masked stimuli
- 1994
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Ingår i: Journal of Abnormal Psychology. - 0021-843X .- 1939-1846. ; 103:2, s. 231-240
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We tested the hypothesis that an unconscious preattentive perceptual analysis of phobic stimuli is sufficient to elicit human fear responses. Selected snake- and spider-fearful Ss, as well as normal controls, were exposed to pictures of snakes, spiders, flowers, and mushrooms. A separate forced-choice recognition experiment established backward masking conditions that effectively precluded recognition of experimental stimuli both for fearful and nonfearful Ss. In the main experiment, these conditions were used to compare skin conductance responses (SCRs) to masked and nonmasked phobic and control pictures among fearful and nonfearful Ss. In support of the hypotheses, snake- and spider-fearful Ss showed elevated SCRs to snake and spider pictures as compared with neutral pictures and with responses of the nonfearful Ss under both masking conditions. Ratings of valence, arousal, and dominance indicated that the fearful Ss felt more negative, more aroused, and less dominant in relation to both masked and nonmasked phobic stimuli.
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