| 1. |
- Alm, Per A
(författare)
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Stuttering and the basal ganglia circuits: a critical review of possible relations.
- 2004
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Ingår i: Journal of Communication Disorders. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-7994 .- 0021-9924. ; 37:4, s. 325-369
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The possible relation between stuttering and the basal ganglia is discussed. Important clues to the pathophysiology of stuttering are given by conditions known to alleviate dysfluency, like the rhythm effect, chorus speech, and singing. Information regarding pharmacologic trials, lesion studies, brain imaging, genetics, and developmental changes of the nervous system is reviewed. The symptoms of stuttering are compared with basal ganglia motor disorders like Parkinson’s disease and dystonia. It is proposed that the basal ganglia-thalamocortical motor circuits through the putamen are likely to play a key role in stuttering. The core dysfunction in stuttering is suggested to be impaired ability of the basal ganglia to produce timing cues for the initiation of the next motor segment in speech. Similarities between stuttering and dystonia are indicated, and possible relations to the dopamine system are discussed, as well as the interaction between the cerebral cortex and the basal ganglia. Behavioral and pharmacologic information suggests the existence of subtypes of stuttering.
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| 2. |
- Persson, Christina, 1959, et al.
(författare)
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A prospective cross-sectional study of speech in patients with the 22q11 deletion syndrome.
- 2003
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Ingår i: Journal of communication disorders. - 0021-9924. ; 36:1, s. 13-47
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The purpose of this study was to investigate a consecutive series of 65 participants between 3 and 33 years of age (median age of 9 years and 4 months) with a confirmed 22q11.2 deletion, in order to ascertain the frequency and severity of articulation difficulties, velopharyngeal impairment (VPI), and the level of intelligibility. The majority had velopharyngeal impairment; over half of them to such a degree that surgery had been performed or was considered necessary. A high level of correct place and manner of consonants was only found in children with the 22q11 deletion syndrome from age 6. The most misarticulated consonants were stops and fricatives. Glottal articulation assessed in words and sentences was less frequent than expected according to earlier studies. A high prevalence of reduced intelligibility at different ages indicates an obvious communication limitation in younger children, and for some individuals even as teenagers and adults. EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES: As a result of this activity, the participant will have knowledge about the frequency and severity of: (1) articulation difficulties; (2) velopharyngeal impairment; and (3) the level of intelligibility in patients with a 22q11.2 deletion.
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