| 1. |
- Andersen, Emil Alexander Sherman, et al.
(författare)
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Nitrogen isotopes reveal high N retention in plants and soil of old Norse and Inuit deposits along a wet-dry arctic fjord transect in Greenland
- 2020
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Ingår i: Plant and Soil. - : Springer. - 0032-079X .- 1573-5036. ; 455:1-2, s. 241-255
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aims: Plant growth in the Arctic is often nutrient limited due to temperature constraints on decomposition and low atmospheric input of nitrogen (N). Local hotspots of nutrient enrichment found in up to 4000-year-old archaeological deposits can be used to explore the recycling and long-term retention of nutrients in arctic ecosystems.Methods: We investigated old Inuit and Norse deposits (known as middens) and adjacent tundra ecosystems along a wet-dry fjord gradient in western Greenland to explore the isotopic fingerprinting of plant and soil carbon and nitrogen (C-13/C-12 and(15)N/N-14) derived from human presence.Results: At all locations we observed a significant isotopic fingerprint in soil and plant N related to human deposits. This demonstrates a century-long legacy of past human habitation on plant and soil characteristics and indicates a surprisingly high N retention in these ecosystems. This is consistent with the significantly higher plant biomass in areas with archaeological deposits.Conclusion: Vegetation composition and N in plants and soils displayed marked differences along the wet-dry fjord gradient. Furthermore, the profound nutrient enrichment and organic matter accumulation in archaeological deposits compared to surrounding tundra demonstrates a century-long legacy of past habitation on plant and soil characteristics as well as efficient N cycling with surprisingly limited N loss.
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| 2. |
- Bahram, Mohammad
(författare)
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Carbon content and pH as important drivers of fungal community structure in three Amazon forests
- 2020
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Ingår i: Plant and Soil. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0032-079X .- 1573-5036. ; 450, s. 111-131
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background and aims Amazonia comprises a mosaic of ecosystems that harbor high biodiversity. Knowledge about fungal diversity and ecology in this region remains very limited. Here, we examine soil fungal communities in forests of the Colombian Amazonia and their relationship to important edaphic variables. Methods Fungal communities were studied interra-firmeforests dominated by arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) trees,terra-firmeforests with the ectomycorrhizal (EcM) treePseudomonotes tropenbosii(Dipterocarpaceae), and white sand forests (WSF) with the EcM host plant generaDicymbeandAldina(Fabaceae). Fungal community composition was determined through 454-pyrosequencing of the ITS2 region of ribosomal DNA. We established the impact of the type of forest and edaphic parameters in structuring the fungal communities. Results We found a high diversity of fungi with 2,507 OTUs occurring in the soil samples studied. Carbon content and pH were the main edaphic factors contributing to structure the fungal community across all forests. Fungal community composition differs amongterra-firmeplots and WSF, while it was similar among AM and EcM-dominated areas interra-firme. Our results revealed an important EcM fungal diversity interra-firmeAM-forests, where some EcM plants such as the ones in the generaCoccolobaandNeeaoccur scattered within an AM-matrix. Conclusions This is a first approximation to understand the ecology of soil fungal communities in forests of the Colombian Amazonia. We found that fungal soil communities have a spatial variation related to forest type (terra-firmeand WSF), soil pH, and soil carbon content. Due to the strong correlation between vegetation and soil fertility in Amazonia, it is difficult to understand the effects of those factors to the fungal communities.
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| 3. |
- Berckx, Fede, et al.
(författare)
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Harnessing plant–microbe interactions to promote nitrogen use efficiency in cereal crops
- 2024
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Ingår i: Plant and Soil. - 0032-079X .- 1573-5036. ; 494, s. 75-83
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Increasing nitrogen (N) use efciency (NUE) can enhance cereal yields, improve grain quality and reduce agrochemical inputs. However, several challenges are associated with achieving enhanced NUE, e.g., a frequently poor synchronization between N supply and demand; low grain yields per unit of N input; and inherent trade-ofs between grain yield and quality. Scope: To address these challenges, we focus on the temporal perspective of NUE related processes at different growth stages, and propose the utilization of benefcial microbes, e.g. arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) for their roles in afecting aspects of NUE particularly at the later development stages.Conclusion: Some evidence suggests that AMF can directly promote N uptake and use in cereals, by regulating N transporters, but the indirect efects of AMF on NUE related processes at diferent growth stages are poorly known. Here we explore AMF and their potential roles in promoting NUE related processes that enhance crop P and N uptake post-anthesis, when nutrient supply often is low. In order to fully exploit the opportunities for benefcial root-fungal symbiosis, we propose approaches for plant breeding and crop management, and consider the potential of plantmicrobe interactions post-anthesis to promote NUE and the sustainable production of especially cereals.
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| 4. |
- Berghuijs, Herman, et al.
(författare)
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Identification of species traits enhancing yield in wheat-faba bean intercropping: development and sensitivity analysis of a minimalist mixture model
- 2020
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Ingår i: Plant and Soil. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0032-079X .- 1573-5036. ; 455, s. 203-226
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aim Cereal-legume intercropping can result in yield gains compared to monocrops. We aim to identify the combination of crop traits and management practices that confer a yield advantage in strip intercropping. Methods We developed a novel, parameter-sparse process-based crop growth model (Minimalist Mixture Model, M-3) that can simulate strip intercrops under well-watered but nitrogen limited growth conditions. It was calibrated and validated for spring wheat (Triticum aestivum) and spring faba bean (Vicia faba) grown as monocrops and intercrops, and used to identify the most suitable trait combinations in these intercrops via sensitivity analyses. Results The land equivalent ratio of intercrops was greater than one over a wide range of nitrogen fertilizer levels, but transgressive overyielding, with total yield in the intercrop greater than that of either sole crop, was only obtained at intermediate nitrogen applications. We ranked the local sensitivities of the individual yields of wheat and faba bean of the whole intercrop under various nitrogen input levels to various crop traits. Conclusions The total intercrop yield can be improved by selecting specific traits related to phenology of both species, as well as light use efficiency of faba bean and, under high nitrogen applications, of wheat. Changes in height-related crop traits affected individual yields of species in intercrops but not the total intercrop yield.
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| 5. |
- Birgander, Johanna, et al.
(författare)
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Temporal patterns of carbon flow from grassland vegetation to soil microorganisms measured using 13C-labelling and signature fatty acids
- 2021
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Ingår i: Plant and Soil. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0032-079X .- 1573-5036. ; 462:1-2, s. 245-255
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose: We investigated how the C flow from plants to microorganisms varies throughout the year in a temperate grassland. Additionally, we investigated how the C flow relates to saprotrophic activity and vegetation changes. Methods: In situ stable isotope pulse labelling (13CO2) was employed to estimate the flow of recently plant-derived C to soil microorganisms by using signature fatty acids. Bacterial and fungal growth was estimated using radio-labelling in laboratory incubations. Results: The C flow from plants to arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi peaked during the warmer parts of the year, but saprotrophic microorganisms showed little temporal variation in C flow. Also saprotrophic fungi received considerable amounts of C from plants throughout the year. Bacterial and fungal growth showed temporal variation with a growth peak in August for both. This suggests a shift in the C source from mainly rhizosphere C in colder parts of the year, to older C-sources in warmer parts of the year (August). Conclusion: We conclude that AM fungi, saprotrophic fungi and bacteria differ in the amount of recently-fixed C they receive from plants throughout the year. Hence, temporal patterns need to be considered to understand ecosystem functioning. The studied plant community included winter annuals, which potentially maintain a high C flow to saprotrophic fungi during the cold season.
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| 6. |
- Blume-Werry, Gesche, 1985-, et al.
(författare)
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Don't drink it, bury it : comparing decomposition rates with the tea bag index is possible without prior leaching
- 2021
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Ingår i: Plant and Soil. - : Springer. - 0032-079X .- 1573-5036. ; 465:1-2, s. 613-621
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose: The standardized ‘Tea Bag Index’ enables comparisons of litter decomposition rates, a key component of carbon cycling, across ecosystems. However, tea ‘litter’ may leach more than other plant litter, skewing comparisons of decomposition rates between sites with differing moisture conditions. Therefore, some researchers leach tea bags before field incubation. This decreases comparability between studies, and it is unclear if this modification is necessary.Methods: We submerged green and rooibos tea bags in water, and measured their leaching losses over time (2 min – 72 h). We also compared leaching of tea to leaf and root litter from other plant species, and finally, compared mass loss of pre-leached and standard tea bags in a fully factorial incubation experiment differing in soil moisture (wet and dry) and soil types (sand and peat).Results: Both green and rooibos tea leached strongly, levelling-off at about 40% and 20% mass loss, respectively. Mass loss from leaching was highest in green tea followed by leaves of other plants, then rooibos tea, and finally roots of other plants. When incubated for 4 weeks, both teas showed lower mass loss when they had been pre-leached compared to standard tea bags. However, these differences between standard and pre-leached tea bags were similar in moist vs. dry soils, both in peat and in sand.Conclusions: Thus, despite large leaching losses, we conclude that leaching tea bags before field or lab incubation is not necessary to compare decomposition rates between systems, ranging from as much as 5% to 25% soil moisture.
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| 7. |
- Börjesson, Gunnar, et al.
(författare)
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Interactive long-term effects of liming and P application on clay soil: crop yield increases up to pH 7.5((aq))
- 2022
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Ingår i: Plant and Soil. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0032-079X .- 1573-5036. ; 473, s. 407-421
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aims This study assessed the impact of combined lime and phosphorus application on soil pH, plant availability of added phosphorus and crop yield over time. Methods In a series of long-term field trials started in 1936 on a clayey soil in south-west Sweden, acidic superphosphate and basic Thomas phosphate were tested in combination, with and without an initial high dose of lime. Results Liming did not lower phosphorus availability in soil. Crop yield was increased throughout by addition of phosphorus together with lime. A single dose of lime, equivalent to 6 Mg CaO ha(-1), increased yield over decades and crop yield was positively correlated with pH((aq)) increases up to 7.5. In plots receiving no phosphorus for 80 years, the clay soil was able to supply phosphorus to crops, resulting in up to 80% of the phosphorus-fertilised yield. Vanadium in the basic slag product (Thomas phosphate) elevated levels in soil. Conclusions In the present study, we found that, even above pH 7, interactions between P and lime were positive and not negative. No differences in phosphorus availability were found on applying phosphorus fertiliser at the normal dose on a regular basis, or as a bulk dose at longer intervals. The data support a new target pH value up to 7.5 for optimal crop production.
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| 8. |
- Dahlin, Iris, et al.
(författare)
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Plasticity of barley in response to plant neighbors in cultivar mixtures
- 2020
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Ingår i: Plant and Soil. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0032-079X .- 1573-5036. ; 447, s. 537-551
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aims Cultivar mixtures can increase productivity through complementarity in resource use, but reported results are often conflicting and the role of plasticity in shaping plant-plant interactions is poorly understood. We aim to determine if individual cultivars show different phenotypic responses when grown in a mixture, whether these responses depend on the neighboring cultivar identity, and how they contribute to variations in productivity and nitrogen (N) use. Methods Five spring barley cultivars were field-grown in pure stands and in mixtures during 2 years. Plant traits related to development, growth, N use, and reproduction were measured to identify temporal patterns of plastic responses to neighboring plants. Results Plants in mixtures were shorter and developed slower early in the season, but later on they grew faster and produced more grain than the corresponding pure stands. Some cultivars showed complementary N accumulation only when grown together with specific neighbors. Mechanisms of improved productivity differed between the individual mixtures. Conclusions Plastic plant-plant interaction between cultivars is an important driver behind the variability in mixing effects. Results contribute to a better understanding of how productivity in cultivar mixtures is affected by plastic adaptation and differentiation of plant traits, depending on the environment created by neighboring genotypes.
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| 9. |
- D’Amico, Michele, et al.
(författare)
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Ectomycorrhizal utilization of different phosphorus sources in a glacier forefront in the Italian Alps
- 2020
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Ingår i: Plant and Soil. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0032-079X .- 1573-5036. ; 446:1-2, s. 81-95
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aims: In deglaciated surfaces, lithology influences habitat development. In particular, serpentinite inhibits soil evolution and plant colonization because of insufficient phosphorus (P) content, among other stressful properties. In nutrient-poor environments, ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) play a key role exploring the soil for P beyond the rhizosphere. In this study, we followed the role of EMF in accessing inorganic and organic P along two proglacial soil chronosequences in the Alps (NW Italy), respectively characterized by pure serpentinite till and serpentinite mixed with 10% of gneiss, and colonized by European Larch. Methods: The access to inorganic and organic P forms by EMF was studied using specific mesh-bags for fungal hyphae entry, filled with quartz sand and inorganic phosphate (Pi) or myo-inositolhexaphosphate (InsP6) adsorbed onto goethite. They were incubated over 13 months at the organic/mineral horizon interface. After harvesting, EMF colonization via ergosterol analysis and the amount of P and Fe removed from mesh bags were measured. Results: Ergosterol increased along the two chronosequences with slightly greater values on serpentinite and in Pi-containing bags. Up to 65% of Pi was removed from mesh-bags, only partly accompanied by a parallel release of Fe. The amount of InsP6 released was instead less than 45% and mostly removed with goethite. Conclusions: The results suggest that, in extremely P-poor environments, EMF are able to release both inorganic and organic P forms from highly stabilized associations.
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| 10. |
- David Mwakilili, Aneth, et al.
(författare)
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Long-term maize-Desmodium intercropping shifts structure and composition of soil microbiome with stronger impact on fungal communities
- 2021
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Ingår i: Plant and Soil. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0032-079X .- 1573-5036.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose Push-pull is an intercropping technology that is rapidly spreading among smallholder farmers in Sub-Saharan Africa. The technology intercrops cereals with Desmodium to fight off stem borers, eliminate parasitic weeds, and improve soil fertility and yields of cereals. The above-ground components of push-pull cropping have been well investigated. However, the impact of the technology on the soil microbiome and the subsequent role of the microbiome on diverse ecosystem benefits are unknown. Here we describe the soil microbiome associated with maize-Desmodium intercropping in push-pull farming in comparison to long-term maize monoculture. Methods Soil samples were collected from long-term maize-Desmodium intercropping and maize monoculture plots at the international centre for insect physiology and ecology (ICIPE), Mbita, Kenya. Total DNA was extracted before16S rDNA and ITS sequencing and subsequent analysis on QIIME2 and R. Results Maize-Desmodium intercropping caused a strong divergence in the fungal microbiome, which was more diverse and species rich than monoculture plots. Fungal groups enriched in intercropping plots are linked to important ecosystem services, belonging to functional groups such as mycorrhiza, endophytes, saprophytes, decomposers and bioprotective fungi. Fewer fungal genera were enriched in monoculture plots, some of which were associated with plant pathogenesis and opportunistic infection in humans. In contrast, the impact of intercropping on soil bacterial communities was weak with few differences between intercropping and monoculture. Conclusion Maize-Desmodium intercropping diversifies fungal microbiomes and favors taxa associated with important ecosystem services including plant health, productivity and food safety.
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