| 1. |
- Brehmer, Berndt, et al.
(författare)
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Learning and hypothesis testing in probabilistic inference tasks
- 1985
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. - : Wiley. - 0036-5564 .- 1467-9450. ; 26:4, s. 305-313
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The relation between learning of probabilistic inference tasks and the availability of correct hypotheses for the tasks in individual subjects was investigated in two experiments. The results showed that having the correct hypotheses as measured before learning the tasks was neither a sufficient nor a necessary condition for learning the task. It was concluded that the hypothesis measurements are not reliable enough to allow predictions on an individual level. The results also showed that subjects have not only the four basic functions: positive linear, negative linear, U-shaped and inversely U-shaped, in their hypothesis hierarchies but also J-shaped functions. That the subjects can leam such functions is thus no discodinnation of the hypotheses sampling conception of learning as assumed in earlier studies.
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| 2. |
- Gärling, Anita
(författare)
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Parents' heuristics for judging children's accident risk.
- 1989
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. - : Wiley. - 0036-5564 .- 1467-9450. ; 30:2, s. 134-145
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Examined heuristics that parents use for judging the risk or likelihood of accidents to children. It was hypothesized that the risk is judged on the basis of the number of personally experienced previous accidents or near-accidents that are recalled. Mothers (aged 20-49 yrs), female undergraduates who had theoretical knowledge but little experience with children, and female students with both little theoretical knowledge and experience (N = 216) judged the risk that a child at the age of 2-4, 5-6, 7-9, and 10-12 yrs would have an accident where the Ss lived. A positive relationship between judged risk and the number of recalled accidents was found but the latter referred to generic classes rather than to personal experiences, and the mothers did not judge the risk as higher and did not recall more accidents than the other Ss. When the risk of accidents to children was judged from specific descriptions, the importance of causal conceptions of accidents was verified.
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| 3. |
- Heimann, Mikael, 1951-, et al.
(författare)
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Neonatal imitation of tongue protrusion and mouth opening: Methodological aspects and evidence of early individual differences
- 1989
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. - : Wiley. - 0036-5564 .- 1467-9450. ; 30:2, s. 90-101
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The present work examines imitation of mouth opening and tongue protrusion in 32 full-terminfants at three different occasions: When the infants are two to three days, three weeks. and three months old. The analysis focuses (1) on individual differences in imitative behaviour and (2) on how to operationalize the infants' responses. The overall group analysis revealed that imitation of tongue protrusion was statistically significant for both two- to three-day-old and three-week-old infants but not when the children had become three months old. Nostatistically significant effect was observed for imitation of mouth opening. Two differentimitation indexes were constructed in order to assess individual differences in early imitativebehaviour. Results show that short-term stability in imitative tendencies cxists between thefirst and second observation. The results further reveal that methodological factors must beseriously considered when studying neonatal imitation: the overall imitation found for tongueprotrusion is demonstrated to be dependent on how the infants' responses are coded.
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| 4. |
- Larsson, Gerry, et al.
(författare)
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Psychiatric labels in the military setting : Some consequences on other people's causality attribution of personal and situational factors
- 1983
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. - : Wiley. - 0036-5564 .- 1467-9450. ; 24:1, s. 57-61
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- About eight percent of all male Swedish eighteen-year-olds are exempted from military service on a psychiatric basis annually. From the perspective of the labelling theory of mental illness, the aim of this paper was to study some consequences on other people's perception of individuals who have been exempted on this basis. An experiment was performed with two different groups of subjects; 81 conscripts and 61 students of personnel administration. The subjects were to listen to a tape-recorded description of a car accident and to evaluate its causes. A brief description of the life history of the driver was given which included a “label”. It was foud that with a psychiatric exemption label the accident was attribuited significantly more to factors internal to the driver than to external factors, as compared to a general problems-living label.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Sandberg, Karl W.
(författare)
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Recognition failure of recallable words: free and cued recall compared
- 1988
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. - : Wiley. - 0036-5564 .- 1467-9450. ; 29:3-4, s. 129-136
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Tested 72 Swedish students (aged 17-21 yrs), assigned to 1 of 6 conditions, to examine whether the phenomenon of recognition failure of recallable words could be demonstrated when a free recall (FR) test rather than a cued recall (CRL) test was used. Ss were instructed that a recognition test, a CRL test, or an FR test would follow the study trial, but the actual test sequence given was recognition followed by CRL or recognition followed by FR. Results demonstrate that cases of recognition failure of recallable words occurred in all 6 conditions, but the amount of recognition failure for the recognition-FR test sequence was less than that predicted from the function of E. Tulving and S. Wiseman (see record 1978-07206-001). Data for the recognition-CRL test sequence showed the amount of recognition failure that was predicted by this function.
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