| 1. |
- Brunskog, Maria, 1953-, et al.
(författare)
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A Colourful Past : A Re-examination of a Swedish Rococo Set of Furniture with a Focus on the Urushi Components
- 2020
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Ingår i: Studies in Conservation. - London : Taylor & Francis Group. - 0039-3630 .- 2047-0584. ; 66:8, s. 477-501
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Two artefacts in royal custody, an étagère (inventory number HGK401) and a writing desk (inventory number HGK1249), display specific aspects of Swedish Rococo furniture in an exciting combination are re-examined through scientific means. Microscopy of cross sections, wood species identification, scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray fluorescence microscopy, and pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses reveal some of their physical and chemical characteristics. The results show that the original wood includes hinoki, and the actual urushi ware originates from at least two different artefacts, of which one was made in Japan. A specific mixture of saps hitherto only confirmed on historical Ryukyu Island urushi artefacts was detected. Blue coloured urushi is verified.
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| 2. |
- Brunskog, Maria, 1953-, et al.
(författare)
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A Significant Japanese Coffer: A Multi-disciplinary Approach to Examining Late Sixteenth- — Early Seventeen-Century Export Urushi Ware
- 2022
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Ingår i: Studies in Conservation. - London : Informa UK Limited. - 0039-3630 .- 2047-0584. ; 67:7, s. 487-499
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A significant coffer in the Royal Swedish collection, inventory number HGK 406, is examined. The aim is to confirm or add new data concerning its age, provenance, and components. The scientific analyses include microscopy of cross and thin sections, wood species identification, scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X−ray fluorescence microscopy, pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, strontium isotope ratio measurement, and radiocarbon dating. The investigation also includes excerpting and examining historical documents to a lesser degree. The results show that the body wood is Thujopsis dolabrata BUN 1248, a strong indication of the coffer's Japanese origin. The urushi coating is made with sap harvested in Japan from the species Toxicodendron vernicifluum. The decorations include gold powder, red iron oxide, and cinnabar pigments. Radiocarbon dating supports the dating of the coffer, also based on its style, as of the late sixteenth or early seventeenth century. While all the results may not stand alone, the study shows that a methodology with a multidisciplinary approach can produce new knowledge and support or reject hypotheses arrived at from other kinds of sources.
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| 3. |
- Brunskog, Maria, 1953-, et al.
(författare)
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A White Gem from Kyoto
- 2021
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Ingår i: Studies in Conservation. - : Taylor & Francis. - 0039-3630 .- 2047-0584. ; 66:4, s. 220-229
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A small box, hitherto described as white lacquerware, currently displayed at the Chinese Pavilion, Drottningholm, Sweden, is an unusual example of artefacts imported from the Far East during the era of the East India Companies. By using microscopy for cross- and thin sections, X-ray fluorescence microscopy, attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, some of the specific characteristics of the box are described, and it was possible to differentiate original from more recent restoration material. Among other findings, the results suggest that white glue tempera is a better description, based on indications of calcium carbonate and protein, and support an earlier attribution of the box to an Edo period doll maker in Kyoto.
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| 4. |
- Brunskog, Maria, 1953-, et al.
(författare)
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Lost and Found : Documentary Evidence and Scientific Examination of a Mid-Eighteenth Century Japanese Urushi Box
- 2023
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Ingår i: Studies in Conservation. - : Taylor & Francis. - 0039-3630 .- 2047-0584. ; 68:8, s. 784-800
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper discusses a Japanese urushi box in the collection of the Swedish Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities, inventory number TEMP-0030. It documents a study that included scientific analyses by five different processes: sectional optical microscopy (OM/POL), wood taxonomy (WT), pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GC-MS), X-ray fluorescence microscopy (XRF), and radiocarbon dating (C-14). To a lesser degree, the investigation also included an examination of the inscribed information on a paper label. The scientific results show that the box substrate is hinoki (Chamaecyparis obtusa Engl.), assembled with a proteinaceous glue. A cloth made from ramie fibres (Boehmeria nivea) covers the wood body. The main constituent in the coating is urushiol, derived from Toxicodendron vernicifluum trees. The black appearance on the exterior faces is due to a pigment of soot. The makie and nashiji decorations, on both exterior and interior faces, are composed of brass, silver, and gold, in flakes and powders. Radiocarbon dating suggests the time of manufacture as 1728-1764 CE, or the mid-Edo period. The information on the paper label suggests 1745 CE and the Zohiko, Kyoto, as the time and place of manufacture. Indirectly, this study emphasises the potential of these analytical techniques and a forensic approach in learning about other 'lost and found' objects.
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| 5. |
- Brunskog, Maria, 1953-, et al.
(författare)
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The Material Complexity of Three Seventeenth-Century Cabinets Exported from the Far East
- 2024
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Ingår i: Studies in Conservation. - : Taylor & Francis. - 0039-3630 .- 2047-0584. ; 69:4, s. 261-284
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper focuses on three Far East cabinets that have ended up in Sweden for various reasons and on various routes. Some specific characteristics have been analysed using various scientific methods: sectional microscopy, wood taxonomy, X-ray fluorescence microscopy, pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, strontium isotope ratio measurement, and radiocarbon dating. The results show that the cabinets contain wood from species endemic to Japan, namely asunaro (Thujopsis dolabrata) and hinoki (Chamaecyparis obtuse). They are coated with urushi sap derived from Toxicodendron vernicifluum trees, in two cases confirmed to be harvested in China, and one case probably blended with sap exuded from Toxicodendron succedanea harvested in North Vietnam. Their black appearance is due to a soot pigment typical of many products from the early Edo period or older. The data obtained with scientific methods, unavailable in the past, improve knowledge about these cabinets. Such new information should be made available to scholars and the general public.
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| 6. |
- Henrik-Klemens, Åke, et al.
(författare)
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Raman Spectroscopic Investigation of Iron-Tannin Precipitates in Waterlogged Archaeological Oak
- 2022
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Ingår i: Studies in Conservation. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0039-3630 .- 2047-0584. ; 67, s. 237-247
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- As the redox catalytic activity of iron may be detrimental for waterlogged archaeological wood, it is of importance to know what ligands bind the iron, their distribution in the wood, and what the reactivity of these compounds are. We have identified iron-tannin precipitates in archaeological oak timber from the shipwreck of the seventeenth-century warship The Sword with confocal Raman spectroscopy in combination with light- and scanning electron microscopy. Iron tannin precipitates are present as larger aggregates (10–50µm) in the lumen and vessels, but also as contamination within the wood cell wall. As the stability constants of iron-tannin and iron-diethylenetriamine-pentaacetic acid (DTPA) – a chelating agent commonly employed by conservators to extract iron – are in the same range, extraction experiments were carried out. These demonstrate that iron-tannin precipitations are difficult to extract. Tannin chemistry in waterlogged oak needs to be further explored to understand the mechanism of iron accumulation in wood as well as to correctly treat and preserve cultural heritage.
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| 7. |
- Kjølsen Jernæs, Nina, et al.
(författare)
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In the Heat of the Moment : Testing Fire-Protective Covers for Mitigating Damage to Large Historic Inventories
- 2023
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Ingår i: Studies in Conservation. - : Routledge. - 0039-3630 .- 2047-0584.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Since the 1990s, the Norwegian management for cultural heritage has increased its focus on finding effective solutions for protecting Norway?s wooden cultural heritage from fire damage. The medieval churches in general, including the wooden stave churches, with their interiors and inventories, are of special interest. However, the usefulness of protecting valuable interiors and inventories when fighting fire has been questioned. An experiment was carried out to find manageable solutions for protecting large inventories by using fire covers in case of fire. An experiment using seven commercially available products was conducted by fire fighters to investigate whether these products could protect historic interiors from water and fire. The preliminary results show that it is possible to find manageable, large format covers for the protection of large, immovable historic inventories.
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| 8. |
- Oudbashi, Omid, 1978, et al.
(författare)
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An Exploration of a 2500-Year-Old Monument: A Reappraisal of the Achaemenian Decorative Flooring Plasters in Persepolis World Heritage Site (ca. 550–330 BCE)
- 2023
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Ingår i: Studies in Conservation. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0039-3630 .- 2047-0584. ; 68:5, s. 491-501
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The red-surfaced flooring plaster of three Persepolitan palaces built during the reign of Darius I, namely the Treasury, Edifice C of the southern area of the terrace, and Tachara, the king’s private palace, were investigated by a chemical and microscopic approach using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX), inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results show that the flooring plaster was formed of two distinct layers, a thick (2 cm) internal white one made of a mixture of calcite (CaCO3) and rock fragments, and a thin external red layer with variable thicknesses ranging from 0.2 to 1.5 mm, made of a mixture of calcite and hematite (Fe2O3) and also small fragments of rock. An interesting aspect of the red layer is the presence of cinnabar (HgS) as red pigment mixed with hematite in Tachara, while the red colour has been provided by hematite alone in the two other floorings. Though the analytical results are in line with previous studies on Tachara flooring, it also revealed that the decorative red layer of Tachara differs from the Treasury and Edifice C. This analytical study clarified general technical aspects of decorative red-surfaced flooring in Persepolis.
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| 9. |
- Pasian, Chiara, et al.
(författare)
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Innovative Water-Reduced Injection Grouts for the Stabilisation of Wall Paintings in the Hadi Rani Mahal, Nagaur, India: Design, Testing and Implementation
- 2020
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Ingår i: Studies in Conservation. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0039-3630 .- 2047-0584. ; 65, s. 244-250
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The design and evaluation of site-specific injection grouts for the stabilisation of delaminated wall paintings is often challenging to perform in situ, due to constraints such as time, availability of materials and reliable testing procedures. In this research, a rigorous design and testing methodology, including the development of a new adhesion test, was adopted on-site for the development of injection grouts to be used in water-sensitive situations. Water-reduced mixtures were obtained by partly substituting water with ethanol. Previous research by the authors had demonstrated in the laboratory the potential suitability of water–ethanol grouts. In the present paper, water-reduced grouts were designed, tested and applied on-site for the first time.
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| 10. |
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