| 1. |
- Ahlström, Johan, 1969
(författare)
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Residual stresses generated by repeated local heating events – Modelling of possible mechanisms for crack initiation
- 2016
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Ingår i: Wear. - : Elsevier BV. - 0043-1648. ; 366:SI, s. 180-187
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The hypothesis of thermal damage mechanisms by short-term local friction heating of rail or wheel steels leading to initiation of cracks, specifically squats (in some works called studs) in rails and crack clusters in wheels has given the inspiration for this study. A Finite Element (FE) model incorporating phase transformation from near pearlitic steel to austenite, and then to martensite was developed to examine developing strength and stress fields. Thermal strains on heating, cooling and phase transformations are naturally included, and the FE model also incorporates shrinkage due to tempering of the martensite during subsequent heat pulses. The material behaviour implemented in the model has been rationalised from experiments done on near pearlitic wheel steels, however the qualitative results are deemed applicable also for local thermal damage on pearlitic rail steels. The material is currently modelled as isotropic, with properties varying with phase, temperature and tempering state. The main contributions of this work is the modelling framework developed, specifically the careful modelling of martensite tempering combined with phase transformation. Different thermal sequences are examined to demonstrate the model´s capability. The computed strength and stress fields are used to discuss possible mechanisms of crack initiation.
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| 2. |
- Ahlström, Johan, 1969, et al.
(författare)
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Temperature-dependent evolution of the cyclic yield stress of railway wheel steels
- 2016
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Ingår i: Wear. - : Elsevier BV. - 0043-1648. ; 366:SI, s. 378-382
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The evolution of the cyclic yield stress for a railway wheel steel (UIC ER7T) during cyclic plastic straining has been characterized at different temperatures from -60 to 600 °C. Different constant strain amplitude levels were examined and for temperatures above 200 °C, hold periods were included to study stress relaxation during constant compressive strain. The results are of use in predicting material deformation and damage. This is demonstrated by the application to improve a criterion for surface initiated rolling contact fatigue damage.
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| 3. |
- Aiso, Toshiharu, 1983-, et al.
(författare)
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Effect of combined additions of Si, Mn, Cr and Al to carbon steel on material transfer in a steel/TiN coated tool sliding contact
- 2017
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Ingår i: Wear. - : Elsevier BV. - 0043-1648 .- 1873-2577. ; 388-389, s. 9-17
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Material transferred from steel work materials onto the cutting tools largely affects tool life and machining performance. This material transfer is strongly influenced by the steel composition, and different alloying can have very different effects. Crossed cylinders sliding tests can be used to simulate the contact between the chip and the tool in machining. In this work such a test is used to evaluate material transfer and friction characteristics of a TiN coated tool sliding against five model steels. These model steels are especially designed to study the effects from specific combination of alloy elements, i.e. the steels, containing 0.55 mass% C and 1 mass% Si, are alloyed with one or more of 1 mass% Mn, Cr and Al. When using the steels alloyed without Al, Si-rich oxide layers are formed on the coating, resulting in a low friction coefficient. When using the steels alloyed with Al, almost pure Al–O layers are formed, resulting in a higher friction coefficient and rapid coating cracking. Essentially, the most easily oxidized alloy element is most strongly enriched in the oxide and decides the main mechanism of the material transfer and friction behavior.
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| 4. |
- Aiso, Toshiharu, 1983-, et al.
(författare)
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Effect of Si and Al additions to carbon steel on material transfer and coating damage mechanism in turning with CVD coated tools
- 2016
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Ingår i: Wear. - : Elsevier BV. - 0043-1648 .- 1873-2577. ; 368-369, s. 379-389
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Material transfer from the work materials to the tools strongly influences machining performance and tool life. The influence of Si and Al additions to carbon steel on the material transfer and coating wear in turning with CVD coated carbide tools is investigated. Three model steels are specifically designed to separately study the effects of the individual alloying elements: one reference steel with C as the only alloying element (Base steel), and two steels alloyed also with 1 mass% Si or Al. In the region around the depth of cut on the rake face, where the outside edge of the chip passes over the tool surface, the coating is worn mainly by abrasion when cutting the Base steel. When cutting the Si alloyed steel, an almost pure Si–O transfer layer covers the coating surface, which protects it from wear. When cutting the Al alloyed steel, an almost pure Al–O transfer layer forms on the coating. This layer promotes steel transfer and associated adhesive wear of the coating, which rapidly results in coating detachment and eventually causes notch wear. In the crater region, only the Al alloyed steel results in a transfer layer, an AlN layer that reduces the crater wear.
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| 5. |
- Alemani, Mattia, et al.
(författare)
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Dry sliding of a low steel friction material against cast iron at different loads : Characterization of the friction layer and wear debris
- 2017
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Ingår i: Wear. - : Elsevier. - 0043-1648 .- 1873-2577. ; 376-377, s. 1450-1459
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Pin-on-disc testing was used to investigate the sliding behavior and the wear products of a low-steel friction material against a cast iron disc at different applied loads, to investigate the effect of the temperature rise induced by frictional heating. The testing rig was operated in a clean chamber with a purified incoming air flux. The outgoing flux carries the wear particles to an impactor that counted and sorted them by average diameter and weight. At increasing applied loads, corresponding to a proportional increase of the pin-disc contact temperature, the coverage of both the pin and disc surface by a friction layer was found to increase too. The relevant X-Ray diffraction patterns revealed the presence of a large amount of graphite and different compounds originating from the friction material and from the counterface disc, mainly iron oxides, as concerns this latter. After the test at the lowest investigated load, i.e., 1 kg, the disc worn surface exhibited abrasive grooves and a discontinuous friction layer mainly made of compacted iron oxide particles. After the test at higher loads, i.e., 5 and 7 kg, the disc surface was covered by a compact friction layer. As concerns the friction layer on the pins, most of the ingredients from the friction material were detected, in association with the iron oxides from the disc. These results can be interpreted in terms of the temperature stability range of the phenolic resin used as a binder of the friction material. The characterization of the collected airborne wear debris showed that the particles produced by the low temperature (i.e., low load) test were mostly equiaxed; whereas those produced by the high temperature (i.e., high loads) tests, predominantly displayed a plate-like morphology. The mechanisms of their formation in relation to the characteristics of the friction layers are illustrated and discussed.
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| 6. |
- Alemani, Mattia, et al.
(författare)
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On the influence of car brake system parameters on particulate matter emissions
- 2018
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Ingår i: Wear. - : ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA. - 0043-1648 .- 1873-2577. ; 396, s. 67-74
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The influence of car brake system parameters on particulate matter emissions was investigated using a pin-on-disc tribometer. Samples from a low-steel friction material and a cast iron disc were tested for different sliding velocities, nominal contact pressures and frictional powers. Disc temperatures were also measured. Their impact on total concentration, size distribution, particle coefficient and transition temperature was analysed. Results show that frictional power is the most significant brake system parameter. However, temperature, as a response parameter, is the most influential, inducing a shift towards the ultrafine particulate fraction and raising emissions. A transition temperature, independent of the system parameters, was identified.
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| 7. |
- AlMotasem, Ahmed Tamer, et al.
(författare)
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Tool microstructure impact on the wear behavior of ferrite iron during nanoscratching : An atomic level simulation
- 2017
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Ingår i: Wear. - : Elsevier. - 0043-1648 .- 1873-2577. ; 370-371, s. 39-45
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the present work, molecular dynamics simulations were used to investigate the impact of the tool microstructure on the wear behavior of ferrite workpiece during nanoscratching. The tool microstructure was modified by varying the carbide (cementite) contents. The simulation results show that dislocations are the primary mechanism for plastic deformation of the workpiece material. It is found that total dislocation length varies significantly depending on the carbide content in the tool. Furthermore, other tribological phenomena were also observed to depend on the carbide contents. For example, the average value of frictional forces decreased while the normal force increases with increasing carbide contents, and hence the friction coefficient was decreased. Additionally, the shape and size of lateral and frontal pileups are lowered. The structural analysis of the pileup region reveals the loss of long range order and start of amorphisation. The temperature distribution of the pileup regions showed an increase of the pileup temperature when carbide is added into tool. The wear volume is considerably reduced when the carbide content increases. The average scratch hardness was found to decrease and the result was analyzed with the theoretical Taylor hardening model.
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| 8. |
- Alonso, Asier, et al.
(författare)
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Modelling of rough wheel-rail contact for physical damage calculations
- 2019
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Ingår i: Wear. - : Elsevier BV. - 0043-1648 .- 1873-2577. ; 436
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This work presents the initial steps given in order to obtain a comprehensive physical damage model for the specific case of wheel rail contact wear, which would be able to relate contact conditions, material properties and wear rates. The main advantage of a physical damage wear model is that wheelset and rail manufacturers can perform simulations in order to improve and optimise material properties for different operational cases. The work in this paper focuses on delaminative wear, starting with the importance and modelling of rough contact, and a comparison against classic smooth contact models.
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| 9. |
- Alvi, Sajid, et al.
(författare)
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High temperature tribology of CuMoTaWV high entropy alloy
- 2019
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Ingår i: Wear of Materials. - : Elsevier BV. ; , s. 412-419
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- An equiatomic high entropy alloy (HEA) CuMoTaWV was designed for room temperature to high temperature wear applications using spark plasma sintering of elemental powder mixture at 1400 °C. The sintered solid solution showed uniform distribution of elements in a BCC high entropy alloy phase along with V rich solid solution phase with an average hardness of 600 Hv and 900 Hv, respectively. Room temperature (RT) dry sliding wear tests, against alloy steel (700–880 Hv) for 200 m sliding distance at 5 N normal load, showed negligible wear of 5 × 10−7 mm/N m and a coefficient of friction (COF) of 0.5. Sliding wear characterization of sintered CuMoTaWV alloy against Si3N4 (1550 Hv) counter body from RT to 600 °C showed an increasing average COF of 0.45–0.67 from RT to 400 °C and then reducing to 0.54 at 600 °C. The wear rate was found to be lower at RT (4 × 10−3 mm3/N m) and 400 °C (5 × 10−3 mm3/N m), and slightly higher at 200 °C (2.3 × 10−2 mm3/N m) and 600 °C (4.5 × 10−2 mm3/N m). The CuMoTaWV alloy showed wear mechanisms specific to the test temperatures. The wear of CuMoTaWV alloy was governed by adhesive wear at RT and 200 °C and oxidative wear at 400 °C and 600 °C. The analyses of wear surfaces showed that the low wear rate at RT was due to the high hardness of the HEA, presence of V rich zones and formation of W and Ta tribofilm. At 400 °C, the formation of CuO tribolayer reduced the wear and hindered oxidation of wear track. At 600 °C, the wear rate increased due to oxidation of Cu, Ta and W. Moreover, the formation of lubricating elongated magneli phase V2O5 in V rich regions of CuMoTaWV alloy reduced the COF to 0.54.
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| 10. |
- Andersson, Robin, 1986, et al.
(författare)
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Integrated analysis of dynamic vehicle–track interaction and plasticity induced damage in the presence of squat defects
- 2016
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Ingår i: Wear. - : Elsevier BV. - 0043-1648. ; 366-367:SI, s. 139-145
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Despite significant efforts, the mechanisms behind the formation of squats – a form of rolling contact fatigue (RCF) damage – are not fully understood. This study employs numerical simulations to investigate the propensity of squat initiation in the vicinity of small, isolated rail surface irregularities. Time-domain dynamic vehicle–track interaction analysis is used to obtain wheel–rail contact stress distributions, which are mapped onto a continuum finite element model that accounts for plastic deformation of the rail material. The evaluated stress and strain fields are quantified using two RCF impact measures: accumulated effective strain and the Jiang–Sehitoglu multiaxial low cycle fatigue parameter. It is shown that the RCF impact increases with increasing size of the surface irregularity and that clustering of irregularities might strongly promote RCF. The friction coefficient is identified as a very influential parameter and also the effect of variations in friction along the rail is evaluated.
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