| 1. |
- Andersson, Martin, et al.
(författare)
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R&D strategies and Entrepreneurial Spawning
- 2012
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Ingår i: Research Policy. - : Elsevier. - 0048-7333 .- 1873-7625. ; 41:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper analyzes how different R&D strategies of incumbent firms affect the quantity and quality of their entrepreneurial spawning. By examining entrepreneurial ventures of ex-employees of firms with different R&D strategies three things emerge: First, firms with persistent R&D investments with a general superiority in sales, exports, productivity, profitability and wages are less likely to generate entrepreneurs than firm with temporary or no R&D investments. Second, start-ups from knowledge intensive business service (KIBS) firms with persistent R&D investments have a significantly increased probability of survival. No corresponding association between the R&D strategies of incumbents and survival of entrepreneurial spawns is found for incumbents in manufacturing sectors. Third, spin-outs from KIBS-firms are more likely to survive if they start in the same firm, indicating the importance of inherited related knowledge. The findings suggest that R&D intensive firms spur fewer entrepreneurs, but their entrepreneurial spawns tend to be of higher quality.
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| 2. |
- Bergek, Anna, 1973-, et al.
(författare)
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Are patents with multiple inventors from different countries a good indicator of international R&D collaboration? The case of ABB
- 2010
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Ingår i: Research Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-7333 .- 1873-7625. ; 39, s. 1321-1334
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Based on the critical case of ABB, this paper questions the relevance of using patents with multiple inventors from different countries (“cross-country patents”) as an indicator of international R&D collaboration. The study shows that less than half of ABB’s cross-country patents are the result of international R&D collaboration as described by one of the more inclusive definitions found in previous literature. Only a third of the patents are the result of joint R&D activities between different MNC subsidiaries or firms. We also discuss the implications of our study for the assignment of patents to countries based on inventor addresses.
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| 3. |
- Bergek, Anna, 1973-, et al.
(författare)
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Technological discontinuities and the challenge for incumbent firms : Destruction, disruption or creative accumulation?
- 2013
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Ingår i: Research Policy. - : Elsevier. - 0048-7333 .- 1873-7625. ; 42:6-7, s. 1210-1224
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The creative destruction of existing industries as a consequence of discontinuous technological change is a central theme in the literature on industrial innovation and technological development. Established competence-based and market-based explanations of this phenomenon argue that incumbents are seriously challenged only by ‘competence-destroying’ or ‘disruptive’ innovations, which make their existing knowledge base or business models obsolete and leave them vulnerable to attacks from new entrants. This paper challenges these arguments. With detailed empirical analyses of the automotive and gas turbine industries, we demonstrate that these explanations overestimate the ability of new entrants to destroy and disrupt established industries and underestimate the capacity of incumbents to perceive the potential of new technologies and integrate them with existing capabilities. Moreover, we show how intense competition in the wake of technological discontinuities, driven entirely by incumbents, may instead result in late industry shakeouts. We develop and extend the notion of ‘creative accumulation’ as a way of conceptualizing the innovating capacity of the incumbents that appear to master such turbulence. Specifically, we argue that creative accumulation requires firms to handle a triple challenge of simultaneously (a) fine-tuning and evolving existing technologies at a rapid pace, (b) acquiring and developing new technologies and resources and (c) integrating novel and existing knowledge into superior products and solutions.
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| 4. |
- Binz, Christian, et al.
(författare)
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Why space matters in technological innovation systems-Mapping global knowledge dynamics of membrane bioreactor technology
- 2014
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Ingår i: Research Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-7333. ; 43:1, s. 138-155
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Studies on technological innovation systems (TISs) often set spatial boundaries at the national level and treat supranational levels as a geographically undifferentiated and freely accessible global technological opportunity set. This article criticizes this conceptualization and proposes instead to analyze relevant actors, networks and processes in TIS from a relational perspective on space. It develops an analytical framework which allows investigating innovation processes (or 'functions') of a TIS at and across different spatial scales. Based on social network analysis of a co-publication dataset from membrane bioreactor technology, we illustrate how the spatial characteristics of collaborations in knowledge creation vary greatly over relatively short periods of time. This finding suggests that TIS studies should be more reflexive on system boundary setting both regarding the identification and analysis of core processes as well as in the formulation of policy advice. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 5. |
- Blomkvist, Katarina, et al.
(författare)
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Superstar inventors - Towards a people-centric perspective on the geography of technological renewal in the multinational corporation
- 2014
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Ingår i: Research Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-7333 .- 1873-7625. ; 43:4, s. 669-682
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper develops a people-centric perspective on the geographical dispersion of technological renewal in the multinational corporation (MNC). We contend that a large proportion of all foreign technological advancements can be attributed to a handful of individual inventors, suggesting a blockbuster effect of subsidiary technological development. This suggests that analyses carried out at the subsidiary or firm level disguise significant yet largely unexplored variation in the technological contributions made by individual members of these foreign units. To support this proposition, the paper draws upon an original data set that comprises all of the advanced foreign subsidiaries of 21 Swedish MNCs between 1893 and 2008, and follows their patenting activity in order to document the distribution of inventive activity, both across and within individual subsidiaries. The findings at the subsidiary level show that the distribution of technological activity and contribution to the overall multinational group is significantly skewed; the paper then empirically explores the assumption that a similar distribution also applies at the level of individual inventors. The results point to a pattern whereby most inventors make only occasional and limited technological contributions and, instead, more significant numbers of new technological discoveries are attributable to a select group of exceptionally inventive individuals. In the light of the results, we suggest the fruitfulness of applying a people-centric perspective on the sources of sustained competitive advantage of the MNC, the management of geographically dispersed capabilities in the multinational network, and the geographical sources of technological renewal in the MNC.
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| 6. |
- Boschma, Ron, et al.
(författare)
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Scientific knowledge dynamics and relatedness in biotech cities
- 2014
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Ingår i: Research Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-7333. ; 43:1, s. 107-114
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper investigates the impact of scientific relatedness on knowledge dynamics in biotech at the city level during the period 1989-2008. We assess the extent to which the emergence of new research topics and the disappearance of existing topics in cities are dependent on their degree of scientific relatedness with existing topics in those cities. We make use of the rise and fall of title words in scientific publications in biotech to identify major cognitive developments within the field. We determined the degree of relatedness between 1028 scientific topics in biotech by means of co-occurrence of pairs of topics in journal articles. We combined this relatedness indicator between topics in biotech with the scientific portfolio of cities (i.e. the topics on which they published previously) to determine how cognitively close a potentially new topic (or an existing topic) is to the scientific portfolio of a city. We analyzed knowledge dynamics at the city level by looking at the entry and exit of topics in the scientific portfolio of 276 cities in the world. We found strong and robust evidence that new scientific topics in biotech tend to emerge systematically in cities where scientifically related topics already exist, while existing scientific topics had a higher probability to disappear from a city when these were weakly related to the scientific portfolio of the city. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 7. |
- Brattström, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Creativity, trust and systematic processes in product development
- 2012
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Ingår i: Research Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-7333. ; 41:4, s. 743-755
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper addresses the challenge of striking a balance between, on one hand, mitigating uncertainty through the existence of systematic processes and structures and, on the other, stimulating creativity through allowable variation in work processes and structures. Both objectives are fundamental aspects of product development work. Our main finding is that both objectives can be achieved simultaneously. We introduce trust as a mediating variable. We show first, that being systematic in the processes for obtaining information and applying explicit organizational rules and structures in product development work creates an atmosphere of trust in the organization. Second, we show that trust increases creativity. The paper contributes to an understanding of how and why trust is important in product development organizations and of how trust can be actively managed. Above all, the paper contributes to the understanding of how uncertainty and creativity should be managed in organizations conducting product development.
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| 8. |
- Broström, Anders, 1978-
(författare)
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Working with distant researchers : distance and content in university-industry interaction
- 2010
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Ingår i: Research Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-7333 .- 1873-7625. ; 39:10, s. 1311-1320
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper studies the role of geographic proximity for interaction on R&D by exploring the special case of formalised university-industry interaction in the engineering sector While numerous studies find that geographic proximity facilitates spillover effects between university and industry by utilising evidence from e g patenting and publishing activities the geographical dimension is largely understudied in studies that report evidence from direct interaction A series of interviews with R&D managers suggests that linkages in geographical proximity are more likely than distant linkages to generate impulses to innovation and create significant learning effects at the firm Similarly geographic proximate interaction is more likely to successfully contribute to R&D projects with short time to market For long-term R&D projects geographic proximity is generally seen as a less critical factor A survey to 425 R&D managers in Swedish engineering firms provides evidence that supports these hypotheses.
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| 9. |
- Castellani, Davide, et al.
(författare)
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R&D offshoring and the productivity growth of European regions
- 2013
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Ingår i: Research Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-7333. ; 42:9, s. 1581-1594
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The recent increase in R&D offshoring has raised fears that knowledge and competitiveness in advanced countries may be at risk of 'hollowing out'. At the same time, economic research has stressed that this process is also likely to allow some reverse technology transfer and foster growth at home. This paper addresses this issue by investigating the extent to which R&D offshoring is associated with productivity dynamics of European regions. We find that offshoring regions have higher productivity growth, but this positive effect fades with the number of investment projects carried out abroad. A large and positive correlation emerges between the extent of R&D offshoring and the home region productivity growth, supporting the idea that carrying out R&D abroad strengthens European competitiveness. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 10. |
- Chaminade, Cristina, et al.
(författare)
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Measuring systemic problems in National Innovation Systems. An application to Thailand
- 2012
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Ingår i: Research Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-7333. ; 41:8, s. 1476-1488
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The paper contributes to research on innovation systems in general and, in particular, to the current debate on rationales for innovation policy by providing a framework to identify systemic problems in a given system of innovation and test the framework empirically. The data were drawn from the Thai Community Innovation Survey in the period after which a major change in the country's innovation system policy had been initiated. By hierarchical factor analysis, systemic problems are identified and grouped into four components: institution, network. Science and Technology infrastructure and other support services. The analysis allows researchers to investigate the mismatch between policies and problems and identify policy gaps. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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