| 1. |
- Ambec, Stefan, et al.
(författare)
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Policy Spillovers in the regulation of multiple pollutants
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Economics and Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0095-0696 .- 1096-0449. ; 87 (2018), s. 114-134
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We analyze the interplay between policies aimed to control transboundary and local pollutants such as greenhouse gases and particulate matter. The two types of pollution interact in the abatement cost function of the polluting firms through economies or diseconomies of scope. They are regulated by distinct entities, potentially with different instruments that are designed according to some specific agenda. We show that the choice of regulatory instrument and the timing of the regulations matter for efficiency. Emissions of the local pollutant are distorted if the regulators anticipate that transboundary pollution will later be regulated through emission caps. The regulation is too stringent with diseconomies of scope, and not enough with economies of scope. In contrast, we obtain efficiency if the transboundary pollutant is regulated by emission taxes or tradable emission permits provided that the revenue from taxing emissions are redistributed to the countries in a lump-sum way and that the initial allocation of tradable emission permits is not linked to abatement costs.
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| 2. |
- Andersson, H., et al.
(författare)
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Valuation of small and multiple health risks: A critical analysis of SP data applied to food and water safety
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Economics and Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0095-0696 .- 1096-0449. ; 75, s. 41-53
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study elicits individual risk preferences in the context of an infectious disease using choice experiments. A main objective is to examine scope sensitivity using a novel approach. Our results suggest that the value of a mortality risk reduction (VSL) is highly sensitive to the survey design. Our results cast doubt on the standard scope sensitivity tests in choice experiments, but also on the validity and reliability of VSL estimates based on stated-preference studies in general. This is important due to the large empirical literature on non-market evaluation and the elicited values' central role in policy making. (C) 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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| 3. |
- Campa, Pamela
(författare)
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Press and leaks : Do newspapers reduce toxic emissions?
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Economics and Management. - : Elsevier. - 1096-0449 .- 0095-0696. ; 91, s. 184-202
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study investigates the effects of media on corporate environmental decisions. Using data on plant-level toxic emissions from 1996 to 2009 from the US Environmental Protection Agency's Toxics Release Inventory, and newly collected data on the location and content of newspapers, I find that the probability that a plant's emissions are featured in a nearby newspaper increases with the plant's proximity to the newspaper's headquarter. Further, plants located near a larger number of newspapers’ headquarters produce lower toxic emissions. The latter result is specific to plants operating in those industries that produce consumer goods, suggesting an important role of accountability through consumer demand. An event-study analysis also shows that when newspapers cover the emissions of consumer goods producers, these reduce their emissions by 29% with respect to those plants that were not covered, whereas there is no evidence of differential trends in the years that lead up to coverage.
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| 4. |
- Carlsson, Fredrik, 1968, et al.
(författare)
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Demand effects in stated preference surveys
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Economics and Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0095-0696 .- 1096-0449. ; 90, s. 294-302
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- © 2018 Elsevier Inc. We argue that demand effects in stated preference studies are understudied. By demand effects, we mean anything in the survey that unintentionally influences respondents’ beliefs about appropriate behavior, which in turn might affect their responses in the survey. We implement two methods for measuring and implicitly reducing the influence of demand effects. The first approach—random selection of good to be valued—does not have any effect on respondent behavior. The second approach—a demand script and a control question with feedback—has a sizable and statistically significant effect on respondent behavior. In particular, estimated marginal willingness to pay for improvements in water quality are substantially (around 50 percent) lower than a control treatment; we attribute this decrease to a reduced demand effect. Our results suggest that stated preference methods tend to lead to biased willingness-to-pay estimates due to demand effects, but that the bias can be reduced using simple measures.
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| 5. |
- Dufwenberg, Martin, 1964, et al.
(författare)
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Thanks but no thanks: A new policy to reduce land conflict
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Economics and Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0095-0696 .- 1096-0449. ; 77, s. 31-50
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Land conflicts in developing countries are costly both directly and through increased land degradation. An important policy goal is to create respect for borders. This often involves mandatory, expensive interventions. We propose a new policy design, which in theory promotes neighborly relations at low cost. A salient feature is the option to by-pass regulation through consensus. The key idea combines the insight that social preferences transform social dilemmas into coordination problems with the logic of forward induction. As a first, low-cost pass at empirical evaluation, we conduct an experiment among farmers in the Ethiopian highlands, a region exhibiting features typical of countries where borders are often disputed.
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| 6. |
- Forslid, Rikard, et al.
(författare)
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Why are firms that export cleaner? International trade, abatement and environmental emissions
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Economics and Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0095-0696 .- 1096-0449. ; 91, s. 166-183
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper proposes a detailed mechanism for why exporting firms may have a lower emission intensity when emissions are subject to an environmental tax. This mechanism of our model is supported by Swedish firm-level data. Our mechanism runs through firms' endogenous investments in abatement. Firms' abatement investments depend on their production volumes, since a larger scale allows them to spread the fixed costs of abatement investment across more units. Production volumes increase in firm productivity and, as a consequence, firms' emission intensity is negatively related to firm productivity. Exporting also leads to higher production volumes and thereby to a lower emission intensity. Thus, trade has an effect on emissions independently of firm productivity. Trade therefore leads to higher but cleaner production. The overall effect of trade on emissions is neutral in our model. Trade liberalization does not affect aggregate emissions in our benchmark case of symmetric countries.
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| 7. |
- Hart, Robert
(författare)
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Rebound, directed technological change, and aggregate demand for energy
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Economics and Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0095-0696 .- 1096-0449. ; 89, s. 218-234
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We analyse the long-run role of energy in aggregate production. The factor share of energy has been remarkably constant, despite the relative decline in the price of energy. We analyse possible explanations for this observation, ruling out the idea that endogenous directed technological change has led to a failure of energy-augmenting technology to keep pace with labour augmenting technology. Instead we propose a model in which a combination of income and substitution effects has driven both shifts in consumption patterns towards existing energy intensive goods and the emergence of new such goods. (C) 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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| 8. |
- Johansson-Stenman, Olof, 1966, et al.
(författare)
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Discounting and Relative Consumption
- 2015
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Economics and Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0095-0696 .- 1096-0449. ; 71:May, s. 19-33
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We analyze optimal social discount rates when people derive utility from relative consumption, i.e. their own consumption level relative to the consumption level of others. We compare the social, private, and conventional Ramsey rates. Assuming a positive growth rate, we find that (1) the social discount rate exceeds the private discount rate if the importance of relative consumption increases with consumption, and that (2) the social discount rate is lower than the Ramsey rate given quasi-concavity in own and others’ consumption and risk aversion with respect to others’ consumption. Numerical calculations demonstrate that the latter difference may be substantial and have important implications for long run environmental issues such as global warming.
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| 9. |
- Ek, Claes, 1983, et al.
(författare)
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Behavioral spillovers from food-waste collection in Swedish municipalities
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Economics and Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0095-0696. ; 89, s. 168-186
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We estimate behavioral spillovers from environmental policy within the context of a natural experiment on food waste in Sweden. Exploiting the staggered implementation of food-waste collection across Swedish municipalities, we use a difference-in-difference design to measure the causal effect of introducing such collection on another pro-environmental behavior, namely the sorting of packaging waste. Results suggest a positive spillover effect on packaging waste which corresponds to 5-10% of the population average and rises gradually over time, possibly due to slow implementation of food-waste collection in many municipalities. These estimates are unconfounded with a number of shifts in the waste-related incentives facing households, e.g. introduction of curbside collection of packaging waste from single-family homes. Although we are unable to directly account for all such factors, indirect robustness tests provide no compelling evidence that estimated spillovers are spurious. (C) 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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| 10. |
- Fischer, Carolyn, et al.
(författare)
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Robust technology policy against emission leakage: The case of upstream subsidies
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Economics and Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0095-0696. ; 84, s. 44-61
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Asymmetric regulation of a global pollutant between countries can alter the competitiveness of industries and lead to emissions leakage, which hampers countries’ welfare. In order to limit leakage, governments consider supporting domestic trade-exposed firms by subsidizing their investments in abatement technology. The suppliers of such technologies tend to be less than perfectly competitive, particularly when both emissions regulations and advanced technologies are new. In this context of twin market failures, we consider the relative effects and desirability of subsidies for abatement technology. We find a more robust recommendation for upstream subsidies than for downstream subsidies. Downstream subsidies tend to increase global abatement technology prices, reduce pollution abatement abroad and increase emission leakage. On the contrary, upstream subsidies reduce abatement technology prices, and hence also emissions leakage. © 2017 Elsevier Inc.
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