| 1. |
- Axbard, Sebastian, et al.
(författare)
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Natural resource wealth and crime : The role of international price shocks and public policy
- 2021
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Economics and Management. - : Elsevier. - 0095-0696 .- 1096-0449. ; 110
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- An extensive literature highlights the potential detrimental effects of natural resource wealth on social, economic and political outcomes. We study a largely unexplored relationship - the impact of natural resource wealth on criminal activity. Our empirical strategy exploits price fluctuations in 15 internationally traded minerals to study the impact of mineral wealth on local crime levels in South Africa - leveraging detailed data from 1084 police precincts over 10 years. In contrast to prior work, we find that increased mineral wealth leads to less crime. An exploration of mechanisms suggest that the effect is due to changes in employment opportunities created by the mining industry. Our results suggest that low international mineral prices can cause surges in crime. To investigate how resilience against such surges can be achieved, we study a government employment guarantee program and show that it was effective in reducing the crime response to international price fluctuations.
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| 2. |
- Carlsson, Fredrik, 1968, et al.
(författare)
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The climate decade: Changing attitudes on three continents
- 2021
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Economics and Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0095-0696 .- 1096-0449. ; 107
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Using identical surveys a decade apart, we examine how attitudes and willingness to pay (WTP) for climate policies have changed in the United States, China, and Sweden. All three countries exhibit an increased willingness to pay for climate mitigation. Ten years ago, Sweden had a larger fraction of believers in anthropogenic climate change and a higher WTP for mitigation, but today the national averages are more similar. Although we find convergence in public support for climate policy across countries, there is considerable divergence in both WTP and climate attitudes within countries. Political polarization explains part of this divergence.
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| 3. |
- Coria, Jessica, 1979, et al.
(författare)
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Interjurisdictional externalities, overlapping policies and NOx pollution control in Sweden
- 2021
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Economics and Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0095-0696 .- 1096-0449. ; 107
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper, we analyze the effects of the interaction between national and local policies designed to reduce an environmental externality that causes environmental damages both nationally and locally.We formulate a theoretical model to develop hypotheses regarding the combined effects of such policies on the stringency of the local policies and on firms’ emissions reductions. To test our hypotheses, we use actual data for Sweden, where emissions of nitrogen oxides from combustion boilers are subject to a heavy national tax and most are also subject to individual emissions standards set by county authorities. Our analytical findings suggest that the national tax has brought along stricter emission standards. This is confirmed in our data, where emission standards are significantly more stringent when combined with the national tax.
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| 4. |
- Danley, Brian, et al.
(författare)
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Putting your best fish forward : Investigating distance decay and relative preferences for fish conservation
- 2021
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Economics and Management. - : Elsevier. - 0095-0696 .- 1096-0449. ; 108
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Easily recognizable species are often used as so-called 'flagship' species to raise awareness and funding for conservation action, but this practice has been criticized for neglecting low-profile species. One component of biodiversity is the geographic distribution of where species live, with species that live in only one habitat being endemic to that particular habitat. This study investigates how respondents to a discrete choice experiment ascribe value to the conservation of five different fish species with one species being non-endemic to the study area and familiar to most respondents while another, much lesser-known species, is endemic to the study area. We use a latent class model to investigate possible distance decay effects in which species respondents prioritize for economic valuation. Results suggest individuals who live relatively close to unfamiliar species may be among those who are more likely to value such species higher relative to more familiar substitute species.
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| 5. |
- Heijmans, Roweno
(författare)
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Adjustable emissions caps and the price of pollution
- 2023
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Economics and Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0095-0696 .- 1096-0449.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cap and trade schemes often use a policy of adjustable allowance supply with the intention to stabilize the market for allowances. We investigate whether these policies deliver with a focus on allowance prices. Motivated by existing policies, we study schemes that rely on either the allowance price (price measures) or the surplus of unused allowances (quantity measures) to adjust supply in a dynamic cap and trade market. Compared to emissions trading under a fixed cap, we find that price measures stabilize allowance prices. Quantity measures can be destabilizing. Though phrased in the context of changing interest rates, our results warn more generally against the belief that quantity measures are a suitable instrument to promote a stable cap and trade market.
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| 6. |
- Krishnamurthy, Chandra
(författare)
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The effects of smart-parking on transit and traffic: Evidence from SFpark
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Economics and Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0095-0696 .- 1096-0449. ; 99
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To alleviate many parking-related externalities, several rapidly growing cities globally are optimizing parking through "smart-parking" programs, involving measures such as adjusting parking prices based upon demand, making payments easier, and significantly improving parking-related information dissemination. There are few rigorous empirical estimates regarding the efficacy of these policies, particularly for outcomes such as transit ridership or traffic flow, which are of key policy relevance. Exploiting features of the roll out of SFpark, a smart-parking program for the city of San Francisco, we are able to estimate its effect upon public transit usage and traffic flow. Using a difference-in-difference strategy and a rich micro data-set on transit bus ridership along with data from SFpark, we find that SFpark led to a significant increase in bus ridership and a reduction in traffic flow. A back-of-the-envelope calculation suggests that the economic benefits resulting from avoided pollution and reduced congestion consequent to SFpark is larger than the approximate nominal costs of the program. Overall, our results suggest that smart-parking programs can help mitigate many traffic-related externalities, yielding significant economic benefits. (C) 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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| 7. |
- Kyriakopoulou, Efthymia
(författare)
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On the design of sustainable cities: Local traffic pollution and urban structure
- 2021
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Economics and Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0095-0696 .- 1096-0449. ; 107
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper investigates the impact of local traffic pollution on the formation of residential and business districts. While firms benefit from local production externalities, households commute to their workplaces with private vehicles and exert a local pollution externality on the residents living along the urban transport networks. The spatial location of firms and residents endogenously results from the trade-off between the production and pollution externalities and the commuting costs. The analysis shows that in monocentric cities the benefits associated with a fall in per-vehicle pollution are absorbed by rents paid to absentee landlords. When a city includes business and residential districts as well as a district mixing both agents, a lower per-vehicle pollution enlarges the residential districts and shifts the business districts closer to the geographical center of the city. The paper finally studies the optimal city structure. The first-best policies that fully internalize the externalities still foster business agglomeration.
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| 8. |
- Leroutier, Marion
(författare)
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Carbon pricing and power sector decarbonization: Evidence from the UK
- 2022
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Economics and Management. - : Elsevier. - 1096-0449 .- 0095-0696. ; 111, s. 1-22
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Decreasing greenhouse gas emissions from electricity generation is crucial to tackle climate change. Empirically, however, little is known about the effectiveness of existing economic instruments in the power sector. This paper examines the impact of the UK Carbon Price Support (CPS), a carbon tax implemented in the UK power sector in 2013. Relative to a synthetic control unit built from other European countries, I find that emissions from the UK power sector declined by 20 to 26 percent per year on average between 2013 and 2017. The tax operated via three mechanisms: a decrease in emissions at the intensive margin; the closure of some high-emission plants at the extensive margin; and a higher probability of closure for plants already at risk due to European air quality regulations.
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| 9. |
- Rommel, Jens
(författare)
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Information processing in stated preference surveys A case study on urban gardens
- 2023
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Economics and Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0095-0696 .- 1096-0449. ; 119
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- For valid preference elicitation, stated preference surveys must provide information on the good to be valued, and respondents must process and recall the information. Previous studies show that the amount and type of information can affect stated preferences and the validity of value estimates, but how respondents process this information has been less researched. Some studies find correlations between preferences and respondent engagement with the information, but our study is the first to randomly and exogenously manipulate factors of engagement in a stated preference survey. Drawing on stated preference guidance and psychological concepts, we estimate the effect of quiz questions (asking about the content of the information) and self -reference questions (asking how the information personally relates to the respondent) on (i) engagement, (ii) information recall, and (iii) stated preferences in a discrete choice experiment survey valuing the ecosystem services of urban gardens in the German cities of Berlin and Stuttgart. Our results indicate that respondents spend more time on the information page when confronted with quiz rather than self-reference questions. For both question types, we do not find effects on recall or stated preferences. The results suggest that questions which increase engagement offer no simple fix to enhance information processing. Thus, alternative ways of reinforcing engagement, comprehension, and information recall in stated preference surveys should be developed and applied.
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| 10. |
- Carlsson, Fredrik, 1968, et al.
(författare)
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Behavioral spillover effects from a social information campaign
- 2021
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Economics and Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0095-0696. ; 109
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We investigate whether a social information campaign aimed at reducing water use causes a spillover effect on the use of electricity. On average, water use decreased by 6 percent for the treatment group. We identify a positive spillover effect on electricity use among households that had efficient use of water before the campaign. The effect is sizeable: almost a 9 percent reduction. We argue that these results are consistent with a model of cognitive dissonance where the efficient households infer information about electricity use from the water use information. © 2020 Elsevier Inc.
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