| 1. |
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| 2. |
- Laforest, Siana, et al.
(författare)
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A genetic analysis of population differences in pheromone production and response between two populations of the turnip moth, Agrotis segetum
- 1997
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Ingår i: Journal of Chemical Ecology. - 0098-0331. ; 23:6, s. 1487-1503
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The genetic basis of the differences in female pheromone blend ratio and male behavioral response in the turnip moth, Agrotis segetum, was examined by crossing individuals derived from Scandinavian and Zimbabwean populations. These two populations differ both in the ratio of the three major female pheromone components. Z5-10:OAc, Z7-12: OAc, and Z9-14: OAc and in the behavioral response of the males in both wind-tunnel and field trapping assays. The female pheromone blend in this study is treated as the log ng Z5-10:OAc/ngZ7-12:OAc and log ng Z9-14:OAc/ngZ7-12:OAc for statistical analysis. The mean log ng Z5-10:OAc/ng Z7-12:OAc, is under control by a major autosomal factor or factors, but it is unclear what genetic factor or factors may control the mean log ng Z9-14:OAc/ng Z7-12:OAc. Frequency distributions of the proportions of each component show wide individual variation and also suggest control of Z5-10:OAc and Z7-12:OAc by major autosomal factors, which for Z5-10:OAc may show partial dominance. Analysis of male behavioral response to synthetic blends in the wind tunnel yields inconclusive results, but suggests that A. segetum may have a broad window of response that reflects the range of individual variation in female blends.
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| 3. |
- Mozuraitis, Raimondas, et al.
(författare)
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Chemocommunication in Phyllonorycter ulmifoliella (HBN.) (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) : Periodicity, Sex Pheromone, and Inhibitors
- 1997
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Ingår i: Journal of Chemical Ecology. - 0098-0331 .- 1573-1561. ; 23:1, s. 175-189
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- (Z)-10-Tetradecenyl acetate (Z10-14:OAc) from abdominal tip extracts of virgin females of the tentiform leafminer moth Phyllonorycter ulmifoliella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) was identified by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. The biological activity of the component was confirmed by field tests with synthetic compounds. As a sex pheromone component this ester is novel both in the family Gracillariidae and in the superfamily Gracillarioidea. Field trapping of P. ulmifoliella with synthetic Z10-14:OAc at dosages of 1 and 0.2 mg/dispenser led to catches of approximately 9000 and 3000 male moths, respectively. The attractivity of the Z10-14:OAc was strongly inhibited by a 10% admixture of either (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate (Z9-14:OAc), (E)-9-tetradecenyl acetate (E9-14:OAc), or (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate (E11-14:OAc). Addition of 10% (E)-10-tetradecenyl acetate (E10-14:OAc) to the sex pheromone reduced attractivity, but significantly less than the inhibitors previously mentioned. The pheromone releasing (or ‘’calling”) behavior of virgin P. ulmifoliella females was recorded under laboratory conditions. Calling activity started about half an hour before lights-on and the maximum number of calling females was registered half an hour after the start of photophase. A high level of pheromone releasing activity lasted for about 2 hr and ceased about 5 hr after the start of photophase. Chemocommunication activity in the light period of day is assumed to be an adaptation which allows this phyllonoryctid to avoid inhibitors emitted as pheromones by many other species. A scheme of probable interactions by means of semiochemicals between P. ulmifoliella and other lepidopterans is presented and the appearance of Z10-14:OAc as a sex pheromone component in Lepidoptera during evolution of the order is discussed.
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| 4. |
- Olsen, K Håkan, et al.
(författare)
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Learning and sibling odor preference in juvenile arctic char, Salvelinus alpinus (L.)
- 1996
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Ingår i: JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY. - : PLENUM PUBL CORP. - 0098-0331. ; 22:4, s. 773-786
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The importance of learning for sibling odor preference in juvenile Arctic char was analyzed in the present study. Fish were reared in the following eight conditions: (1) communally with siblings for 15 months; (2) communally with siblings for 17 months; (
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| 5. |
- Olsén, K. Håkan, 1952-, et al.
(författare)
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Learning and sibling odor preference in juvenile arctic char,Salvelinus alpinus (L.).
- 1996
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Ingår i: Journal of Chemical Ecology. - 0098-0331 .- 1573-1561. ; 22:4, s. 773-786
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The importance of learning for sibling odor preference in juvenile Arctic char was analyzed in the present study. Fish were reared in the following eight conditions: (1) communally with siblings for 15 months; (2) communally with siblings for 17 months; (3) in isolation since fertilization; (4) in isolation since fertilization and exposed to sibling scent during the whole rearing period; (5) in isolation since fertilization and exposed to sibling scent from time of free swimming; (6) in isolation since fertilization and exposed to sibling scent during the whole rearing period, except two months without scent until testing; (7) in isolation since fertilization and exposed to sibling scent from time of free swimming, except two months without scent until testing; and (8) communally with siblings followed by a two-month isolation until testing. Char were followed individually in a Y-maze (fluviarium test) with a video-computer-based image analysis system for 12 hr. Sibling-scented water was supplied to one lateral half of the test area and water from non-siblings on the opposite half. Isolated individuals without any preexposure to siblings showed no significant preference. Test fish reared with siblings and those that had been reared in isolation but exposed to sibling scent until testing preferred water conditioned by their own siblings. Isolated fish that had been exposed to sibling scent since fertilization, or since free swimming, followed by a two-month period with only pure water, showed no significant preference. Char isolated for two months after being communally reared preferred water scented by siblings. The results demonstrated that behavioral discrimination between siblings and nonsibling odors occurred after total isolation (isolated both from siblings and sibling odors) only in individuals that had been communally reared. This may suggest that social interactions are important for learning and long-term memory of sibling odors in Arctic char.
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| 6. |
- SUNNERHEIMSJOBERG, K, et al.
(författare)
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PLATYPHYLLOSIDE - METABOLISM AND DIGESTIBILITY REDUCTION IN-VITRO
- 1995
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Ingår i: JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY. - : PLENUM PUBL CORP. - 0098-0331. ; 21:9, s. 1339-1348
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The metabolism of platyphylloside [(5S)-5-hydroxy-1,7-bis-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3-heptanone-5-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside]-known to reduce digestibility-was studied in vitro in sheep rumen liquor. Platyphylloside is hydrolyzed to 5-hydroxy-3-platyphyllone [(5S)-
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| 7. |
- Wu, Wenqi, et al.
(författare)
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Comparative study of pheromone production and response in Swedish and Zimbabwean populations of turnip moth, Agrotis segetum
- 1999
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Ingår i: Journal of Chemical Ecology. - 0098-0331. ; 25:1, s. 177-196
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Analysis of female sex pheromone gland extracts of the turnip moth (or common cutworm), Agrotis segetum, from Zimbabwe revealed three compounds previously identified as sex pheromone components in the Swedish population, namely (Z)-5-decenyl acetate (Z5-10:OAc), (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate (Z7- 12:OAc), and (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate (Z9-14:OAc). However, the proportions from the Zimbabwean population (1: 0.25: 0.03) differ from those in the Swedish population (1: 5: 2.5). In addition, gas chromatography-mass spectrometric (GC-MS) analysis of the Zimbabwean female gland extracts revealed a trace of (Z)-5-dodecenyl acetate (Z5-12:OAc). This compound has recently been identified as a fourth sex pheromone component for the Swedish population. Single-sensillum recordings from both Zimbabwean and Swedish populations showed the presence of two types of antennal receptors responding to either Z5-10: OAc or Z7-12: OAc. In Zimbabwean males the Z7-12: OAc receptor neuron appeared to be confined to the basal and medial thirds of the antennal branches, while in Swedish males it was distributed along the entire antennal branch. Dose-response curves of Z5-10: OAc or Z7-12: OAc specific receptor neurons from males of both populations showed similar response profiles, but the neurons of the Zimbabwean population showed higher maximal responses. In flight tunnel tests with Zimbabwean males, the three-component Zimbabwean blend of Z5-10:OAc, Z7-12:OAc and Z9-14:OAc elicited significantly greater responses than the Swedish blend, but not significantly greater than pheromone glands from calling Zimbabwean females. (Z)-5-decenol (Z5-10: OH), a constituent of gland extracts, exerted an antagonistic effect in the flight tunnel. In field tests conducted in Sweden, local males were preferentially attracted to local females, while in Zimbabwe preferential attraction to local females was less pronounced. Local response to the Swedish and Zimbabwean synthetic four-component blends mirrored the responses to the local females. Zimbabwean males are much more strongly attracted to ZS-10: OAc alone than are Swedish males and the high concentrations of Z7-12: OAc and/or Z9-14: OAc present in the Swedish blend reduced attraction of Zimbabwean males. This reduced attraction appears to be counteracted by the trace amounts of Z5-12:OAc found in the Swedish four-component blend. Addition of Z5-12: OAc to the three-component Zimbabwean blend did not, however, significantly increase the trap catches of Zimbabwean males.
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| 8. |
- Zhang, Qing H.E., et al.
(författare)
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Leaf volatiles from nonhost deciduous trees : Variation by tree species, season and temperature, and electrophysiological activity in Ips typographus
- 1999
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Ingår i: Journal of Chemical Ecology. - 0098-0331. ; 25:8, s. 1923-1943
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The leaf volatiles emitted from four nonhost tree species of lps typographus, i.e. Betula pendula, B. pubescens, Populus tremula, and Sambucus nigra, were collected outdoors by headspace sampling in situ and analyzed by GC-MS. Three major classes of compounds, aliphatics [mainly green-leaf volatiles (GLVs)], monoterpenes, and sesquiterpenes, existed in all the deciduous tree species investigated. In June, when the bark beetles are searching in flight for host trees, GLVs mainly consisting of (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate and (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol were the dominant constituents in B. pendula and S. nigra. In B. pubescens and P. tremula, sesquiterpenes (and their derivatives) and monoterpenes made up the major part of whole volatile blends, respectively. Surprisingly, sesquiterpene alcohols and other oxides released from B. pubescens in considerable amounts were not found in the closely related species, B. pendula. By August, both the total volatiles and individual compounds significantly decreased, mainly due to the maturation of leaves, since the light intensity and temperatures during sampling were the same as in June. There were almost no volatiles detected from P. tremula and S. nigra leaves in August. The total emissions from these deciduous species were significantly different among the species, with B. pubescens releasing 5-10 times more than other species. Under the conditions of constant light intensity and humidity, emissions of both total volatiles and most individual components of severed B. pendula and S. nigra branches (with fresh leaves) increased according to a saturation curve from 16°C to 40°C. Ips typographus antennae responded strongly to green leaf alcohols: (Z)-3-hexen- 1-ol, 1-hexanol, and (E)-2-hexen-1-ol, but not to aldehydes or acetates in GC-EAD analyses of B. pendula and B. pubescens leaf volatiles. No antennal responses to monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, or sesquiterpene oxides were found. These three antennally active GLVs emitted from nonhost tree leaves might be indicators of a wrong habitat in the host selection of conifer bark beetles.
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| 9. |
- Zhao, Cheng Hua, et al.
(författare)
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Substrate specificity of acetyltransferase and reductase enzyme systems used in pheromone biosynthesis by Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis
- 1995
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Ingår i: Journal of Chemical Ecology. - 0098-0331. ; 21:10, s. 1495-1510
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The substrate specificity of the acetyltransferase and the reductase enzyme systems used by Ostrinia furnacalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in pheromone biosynthesis was studied in vivo by topical application of precursors to pheromone glands. Each of the tetradecenols, varying in double bond position (from 7 to 13) and geometry of the double bond, was converted to the corresponding acetate by the acetyltransferase. The similarity in the conversion rates of all tested fatty alcohols indicated that the acetyltransferase has a low substrate specificity. Most of the corresponding tetradecenoic acids could also be converted to the respective acetates. However, very different conversion rates among the tested fatty acids demonstrated that the reductase system has a higher substrate specificity than the acetyltransferase. The conversion rates of most E isomers were higher than those of the corresponding Z isomers, except for the (Δ)-11-tetradecenoic acids, in which much more Z isomer was converted to the product. Saturated tetradecanoic acid was converted to the corresponding acetate at a high rate; the shorter homolog, tridecanoic acid, was converted at a lower rate (56%), and conversion to the respective acetates of the longer homolog, pentadecanoic and hexadecanoic acids, was insignificant (<5%). The results from the present study showed that specificity of pheromone production is to a large extent controlled by the pheromone gland reductase system.
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| 10. |
- Zhu, Junwei, et al.
(författare)
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Identification of a novel moth sex pheromone in Eriocrania cicatricella (Zett.) (Lepidoptera : Eriocraniidae) and its phylogenetic implications
- 1995
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Ingår i: Journal of Chemical Ecology. - 0098-0331. ; 21:1, s. 29-43
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Extracts from different body parts of adult female Eriocrania cicatricella (Zett.) were tested for electrophysiological activity on conspecific male antennae. Extracts from the Vth abdominal segment, containing a pair of exocrine glands, elicited the largest electroantennographic response when compared to extracts of other body parts. Female extracts were analyzed by gas chromatography with simultaneous flame ionization and electroantennographic detection (EAD). The EAD active peaks were identified as (Z)-4-hepten-2-one, (2 R)-heptane-2-ol, and (2 R)-(Z)-4-hepten-2-ol by coinjection on a gas chromatography and by comparison of mass spectra with those of synthetic standards. In field tests, a blend of these three pheromone components was highly attractive to conspecific males, and a subtractive assay confirmed that the unsaturated alcohol is the major pheromone component, whereas no definite behavioral activity could be assigned to the ketone or the saturated alcohol. A bait containing the two alcohols with S-configuration was attractive to male E. sparrmannella (Bosc), whereas no males of E. cicatricella were found in these traps. The sex pheromone compounds in E. cicatricella are chemically similar to pheromones reported in Trichoptera and they are produced in homologous glands.
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