| 1. |
- Arnell, Matilda, 1987-, et al.
(författare)
-
Reproductive success, fruit removal and local distribution patterns in the early-flowering shrub Daphne mezereum
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Nordic Journal of Botany. - 0107-055X .- 1756-1051. ; :10
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In insect-pollinated, bird-dispersed plants, both investment in reproduction and reproductive success involve interactions between plants and their pollinators and dispersers. The outcome of these plant–animal interactions may be affected by the number of flowers and fruits, as well as by the plants' local environment and by spatial associations among plants. In this study we mapped the spatial distribution of individuals in a population of the early flowering, fleshy-fruited shrub Daphne mezereum, in a forest in boreo-nemoral Sweden. For all mapped individuals we collected data on numbers of flowers and fruits and fruit removal, for three consecutive years. We analysed spatial associations among individuals, and the effects on reproductive performance and fruit removal of plant height, numbers of flowers and fruits, distance to forest edge, and neighbouring flower and fruit density. Our results show that the density of D. mezereum increases with increasing proximity to forest edge. The number of flowers produced, as well as fruit set and fruit removal, show the same positive relationship with increasing proximity to forest edges. We further show that individuals are aggregated up to distances of about 10 m. The flower production of neighbouring conspecific individuals within 10 m is negatively related to fruit set whereas the fruit production of neighbours is positively related to fruit removal. Our main conclusion is that the spatial distribution of D. mezereum affects reproductive success and fruit removal, which in turn has the potential to feed back to the spatial distribution pattern. Combining studies of reproduction with spatial analyses is important to advance our understanding of the dynamics of plant populations.
|
|
| 2. |
- Ekman, Stefan, 1965-
(författare)
-
Four new and two resurrected species of Bacidina from Sweden, with notes and a preliminary key to the known Scandinavian species
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Nordic Journal of Botany. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0107-055X .- 1756-1051. ; 2023:5
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Four species of Bacidina (Ramalinaceae, Lecanorales, Ascomycota) are described as new to science from northern Europe (mainly Swedish material): Bacidina ferax S.Ekman, Bacidina lignicola S.Ekman, Bacidina maculans S.Ekman and Bacidina populnea S.Ekman. Another two species are resurrected from synonymy: Bacidina caerulea (Körb.) S.Ekman (based on Bacidia caerulea Körb.) and Bacidina circumpallens (Nyl.) S.Ekman (based on Lecidea circumpallens Nyl.). An additional four combinations are made: Bacidina friesiana (Hepp) S.Ekman (based on Biatora friesiana Hepp), Bacidina subfuscula (Nyl.) S.Ekman (based on Lecidea subfuscula Nyl.), Bacidina tarandina (Nyl.) S.Ekman (based on Lecidea tarandina Nyl.) and Bacidina tenella (Kullh.) S.Ekman (based on Bacidia tenella Kullh.). The morphology, distribution and nomenclature of all 28 species of Bacidina currently known from Scandinavia (Sweden, Norway, Denmark) are treated and an identification key is provided. In addition, Bacidina friesiana is discussed (for comparison with B. caerulea) even if it is not currently known from Scandinavia. Two of the treated species (B. epithallina ined., B. parasitica ined.) are parasites on cyanolichens but are not formally introduced here because of the scarcity of available material. Bilimbia arceutinoides Anzi is reduced to synonymy with Bilimbia sabuletorum (Schreb.) Arnold and Lecidea luteola var. chlorotica Ach. is reduced to synonymy with Bacidia rubella (Hoffm.) A.Massal. It is concluded that despite the present work, the diversity of the genus Bacidina remains insufficiently understood, at least in Scandinavia.
|
|
| 3. |
- Ekman, Stefan, 1965-, et al.
(författare)
-
Three overlooked species of Bacidia from insular Laurimacaronesia
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Nordic Journal of Botany. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0107-055X .- 1756-1051. ; 39:3
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We discuss the taxonomy of three species of Bacidia occurring in insular Laurimacaronesia. Two of them, B. amylothelia (Vain.) Vain. and B. endoleucoides (Nyl.) Zahlbr., which were previously described from Angola and Madeira, respectively, are found here to belong in Bacidia s. str. (Ramalinaceae). Modern descriptions and illustrations are provided for the first time. Bacidia amylothelia is similar to B. areolata Gerasimova & A. Beck, B. campalea (Tuck.) S. Ekman & Kalb, B. fusconigrescens (Nyl.) Zahlbr., B. heteroloma (Vain.) Zahlbr., B. millegrana (Taylor) Zahlbr. and B. suffusa (Fr.) A. Schneid. and is reported here from the Canary Islands. Bacidia endoleucoides is most likely to be confused with B. absistens (Nyl.) Arnold, B. friesiana (Hepp) Korb., B. salazarensis B. de Lesd. and B. caesiovirens S. Ekman & Holien and was found to be widely distributed in the Canary Islands and Azores in addition to Madeira. The third species, Bacidia deludens S. Ekman, Tonsberg & van den Boom, is described here as new to science. Bacidia deludens is characterised by a greyish, crustose thallus with whitish soralia, pale apothecia with crystals in the hymenium and proper exciple, acicular ascospores with 3-19 septa, and the production of fumarprotocetraric acid as the consistently present major substance. It is described here from the Canary Islands and Madeira. Although conservatively treated here in Bacidia, we argue that it is likely to belong in the Malmideaceae. An identification key to all known species of Bacidia s. str. in insular Macaronesia is provided.
|
|
| 4. |
- Eriksson, Ove, et al.
(författare)
-
Legacies of historic charcoal production affect the forest flora in a Swedish mining district
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Nordic Journal of Botany. - : Wiley. - 0107-055X .- 1756-1051. ; 39:11
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Iron production was historically associated with major impacts on forests worldwide, as vast amounts of wood were harvested to produce the charcoal needed for heating the furnaces and reducing iron oxides in the ore to iron. This impact has left abundant legacies which potentially may remain in the present-day vegetation. We investigated how remains of historic charcoal production, mainly from the 18th to the early 20th century, at still remaining charcoal kiln platforms (CKPs), affect the current species richness, species occurrences and cover of vascular plants in the ground vegetation in a Swedish mining district located in the boreo-nemoral forest zone. CKPs have a significantly higher species richness than the surrounding forest, and they also affect cover (negatively) for ericaceous species typically dominating the forest ground vegetation. Several forest species are more frequent at CKPs, and these also harbor significantly more uncommon species, of which many are typical for traditionally managed grasslands. These latter species are likely to represent remnants in present-day forests reflecting former land-use such as livestock grazing. The soil chemistry at CKPs is strongly deviating from the surrounding forest, and this, together with a lower cover of ericaceous shrubs, are the most likely mechanisms behind the higher species richness. CKPs represent conspicuous and abundant historic anthropogenic habitats in the forest vegetation. As far as we are aware, the flora at CKPs in boreal and boreo-nemoral forests has not previously been investigated in detail, and they deserve more attention, both from a biological and a cultural–historical perspective.
|
|
| 5. |
- Eriksson, Ove, 1956-
(författare)
-
The power of observation : Eugen Warming (1918) Om Jordudløbere (‘Underground runners') and the ecology and evolution of clonal plants
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Nordic Journal of Botany. - 0107-055X .- 1756-1051. ; 2023:7
-
Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Although often overlooked, the Danish botanist Eugen Warming was one the founders of ecology as a science. He also wrote extensively on plant life forms, including an essay from 1918, Om Jordudløbere (‘Underground runners'), which specifically focused on clonal plants. As was common among naturalists during the 19th century, Warming was exceptionally skillful in drawing conclusions from plain observation. The present paper examines how Warming understood and interpreted the ecology and evolution of clonal plants, and compares his insights with those emanating during the revival of research on clonal plants from the late 1970s onward. Several of the key topics in this revival were treated already by Warming, particularly clonal plants' ability of mobility by horizontal growth, the features affecting the ‘splitting' of genets into independent ramets, and how clonal life forms evolve. Despite these thematic similarities, Warming's direct impact on later research was limited, with the possible exception of the concept of plant functional types. This does not preclude that Warming's insights have bearing on the current research agenda on the ecology and evolution of clonal plants. The paper ends with a brief discussion of horizontal growth as a means to extend genet lifespan, thereby providing a basis for evolution of clonal plant life form through processes acting within genets.
|
|
| 6. |
- Garcia, Yedra, et al.
(författare)
-
Spatial variation in scent emission within flowers
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Nordic Journal of Botany. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0107-055X .- 1756-1051. ; 39:7
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Floral scent is considered an important long-distance signal that attracts pollinators, but also has been suggested to function at shorter distances such as within-flower nectar guides or as a defense against antagonists. Indeed, in some species floral scent production and emission show spatial patterns of variation within flowers, as certain compounds are exclusively emitted from specific floral tissues. In other species, the different volatile organic compounds that constitute the floral bouquet are emitted evenly from the entire flower. Here, we summarize the current evidence on floral scent variation within flowers by combining a literature review of published data on tissue-level floral scent variation (41 species) with floral scent dissections (17 species). For each species, we recorded the total number of volatile compounds separately and grouped in major chemical classes. To facilitate comparisons across diverse species, we compared volatiles emitted by 1) the whole flower, 2) the visual floral tissues (i.e. petals and colored structures), 3) non-visual floral tissues (i.e. green parts and reproductive structures), as well as 4) the compounds emitted by both visual and non-visual tissues. Results show that floral scent variation is frequent, but by no means ubiquitous, occurring in species from distantly related groups. We discuss the two main functional hypotheses promoting floral scent variation within flowers, i.e. as a pollinator attractant at short-distances or a defensive function against antagonists, together with non-functional hypotheses (e.g. pleiotropic effects, ecological costs). We point out further directions on this topic and suggest experimental approaches testing the attractiveness of compounds emitted by different floral parts alone and in combination with other floral signals. Our synthesis provides a foundation for future studies on the functional ecology of floral scent and reinforces the idea of high complexity in floral chemical signals.
|
|
| 7. |
- Glav Lundin, Linnea, et al.
(författare)
-
The decline of Gentianella campestris : three decades of population development of an endangered grassland plant in Sweden
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Nordic Journal of Botany. - : Wiley. - 0107-055X .- 1756-1051. ; 39:3
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Species-rich semi-natural grasslands are declining all over northern Europe, and many plant species confined to such grasslands are currently under threat. We studied the development of populations of one such species, the field gentian Gentianella campestris, during three decades in the County of Södermanland, south of Stockholm, Sweden. Gentianella campestris is Red Listed as Endangered in Sweden. It is a strict biennial, and as far as known with only a transient seed bank. Large population fluctuations are a characteristic of this species, and its life history makes the species inherently sensitive to factors causing population reductions. We found that the number of sites with G. campestris has declined with over 60% in the last three decades. The total number of flowering individuals also show a strong decreasing trend, although there was an increase the last year (2020) at a few remaining sites. Cessation of grazing management is a major cause of the decline, but populations also disappeared from managed sites. It is possible that the management has been inappropriate, and circumstantial evidence suggests that summer drought might be an additional cause of population decline. Data from 2018, a year with an exceptional summer drought, supports this explanation. A sowing experiment indicated that recruitment of new populations is unlikely in the present-day landscape where most vegetation is unsuitable for G. campestris. Due to the poor prospects for long-term maintenance of grazing management in still remaining semi-natural grasslands, and the decline even at sites with current management, G. campestris faces a risk of becoming regionally extinct within the coming decades.
|
|
| 8. |
|
|
| 9. |
- Kapás, Rozália E., 1988-, et al.
(författare)
-
Grassland species colonization of a restored grassland on a former forest varies in short-term success but is facilitated by greater functional connectivity
- 2024
-
Ingår i: Nordic Journal of Botany. - : Wiley. - 0107-055X .- 1756-1051. ; 2024:4
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In recent years, restoration on former grassland sites has been widely encouraged globally, aiming to address the historical loss of 90% of ancient species-rich grasslands, and to mitigate the associated threat to grassland biodiversity. The objective of our study was to investigate on a small-scale how plant species spontaneously colonize restored grasslands. We inventoried 275 permanent plots twice (in 2019 and 2021) in a restored grassland, following the removal of a conifer plantation. Species richness and vegetation cover in surveyed plots were dependent on grazing activity and distance to adjacent grassland. Plant species associated with forest habitats declined, while the occurrence of generalist species together with a few grassland specialists generally increased. However, not all grassland specialists gained occurrence and the colonization pattern was not consistent over time, possibly due to the lack of continuous seed arrival and low livestock activity and hence lack of disturbance. These results suggest that successful colonization of plant species benefits from links to species-rich sites adjacent to the restoration target, with spatial dispersal and improved conditions for species establishment being key to species occurrence. Both dispersal and establishment potential are likely facilitated through the presence of grazing livestock with access to both species-rich grasslands and restoration targets. However, the shift towards a more typical grassland community takes place gradually, with vulnerable populations of early colonizing grassland species prone to local extinction in short-term. As a result, continued functional connectivity provided by grazing animals is necessary to improve the diversity of the restored site and ensure the establishment of grassland specialists and to maintain the plant community composition.
|
|
| 10. |
- Kindeberg, Theodor, et al.
(författare)
-
Toward a multifunctional nature-based coastal defense: a review of the interaction between beach nourishment and ecological restoration
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Nordic Journal of Botany. - : Wiley. - 1756-1051 .- 0107-055X.
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Coastal protection has evolved from focusing on hard solutions such as breakwaters and groynes to include soft or nature-based solutions (NbS). NbS have been pro- posed as cost-effective means to offer long-term coastal protection and at the same time strengthen coastal resilience and biodiversity. However, projects utilizing NbS for coastal protection have often focused on a single solution and the evidence of improved biodiversity remain equivocal.In this paper, we review solutions traditionally used for disparate purposes – namely beach nourishment and the establishment of vascular plants such as seagrass and dune grass. The main incentives behind large-scale beach nourishment projects are often the cost-effectiveness, multifunctionality and dynamic shoreline protection whereas the focus of vegetation restoration has typically been on recreating important habitats and not specifically as a coastal protection measure. Based on previous studies and an on-going large-scale coastal adaptation project in southern Sweden, we investigate the feasibility of combining these seemingly dichotomous management strategies to yield a viable physical defense and at the same time strengthen coastal biodiversity and ecosystem multifunctionality. Given the urgency in combatting biodiversity loss and adapting to a changing climate, management interventions for coastal protection should explicitly incorporate ecological values into every coastal protection measure and seek innovative, integrated approaches that consider both geomorphological and ecological values and the possible complementarity between the two.
|
|
