| 1. |
- Adlercreutz, Ludvig, et al.
(författare)
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Optimizing the Natural Gas Engine for CO2 reduction
- 2016
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Ingår i: SAE Technical Papers. - 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States : SAE International. - 0148-7191.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- With alternative fuels having moved more into market in light of their reduction of emissions of CO2 and other air pollutants, the spark ignited internal combustion engine design has only been affected to small extent. The development of combustion engines running on natural gas or Biogas have been focused to maintain driveability on gasoline, creating a multi fuel platform which does not fully utilise the alternative fuels' potential. However, optimising these concepts on a fundamental level for gas operation shows a great potential to increase the level of utilisation and effectiveness of the engine and thereby meeting the emissions legislation. The project described in this paper has focused on optimising a combustion concept for CNG combustion on a single cylinder research engine. The ICE's efficiency at full load and the fuels characteristics, including its knock resistance, is of primary interest - together with part load performance and overall fuel consumption. In the process of increasing the efficiency of the engine the following areas have been of primary interest, increased compression ratio, thermal load at high cylinder pressure and the use of EGR to further increase efficiency. The overall goal in the project was to reduce the CO2-emissions while maintaining the performance and characteristics of the engine. The ambition is to reduce specific tail-pipe CO2-emissions in g/kWh by 50% compared to a modern gasoline engine. The goal was close to being reached at 45% reduction at full load and 25-34% on part load. This was done by theoretically downsizing the engine and increasing the specific performance of the engine.
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| 2. |
- Adlercreutz, Ludvig, et al.
(författare)
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Particle Emission Measurements in a SI CNG EngineUsing Oils with Controlled Ash Content
- 2019
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Ingår i: SAE Technical Papers. - 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States : SAE International. - 0148-7191.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Clean combustion is one of the inherent benefits of using a high methane content fuel, natural gas or biogas. A single carbon atom in the fuel molecule results, to a large extent, in particle-free combustion. This is due to the high energy required for binding multiple carbon atoms together during the combustion process, required to form soot particles. When scaling up this process and applying it in the internal combustion engine, the resulting emissions from the engine have not been observed to be as particle free as the theory on methane combustion indicates. These particles stem from the combustion of engine oil and its ash content. One common practice has been to lower the ash content to regulate the particulate emissions, as was done for diesel engines. For a gas engine, this approach has been difficult to apply, as the piston and valvetrain lubrication becomes insufficient. However, the low particle emissions from the combustion of CNG does allow for an investigation of particle contribution from engine oil ash content with only a minor particle contribution from the fuel itself. The hypothesis for this study is that there is a relationship between the engine oil ash content and the particulate emissions from a CNG engine. The investigation was conducted for several operating points with varying engine speeds and load on a single cylinder engine. The single cylinder approach was chosen to reduce sources of engine oil intrusion in the combustion chamber. The obtained results were not in line with the hypothesis, the particle emissions from the lower ash content oil did not decrease in number but the size of the particles did. The results also showed a spiking behavior in the particulate emissions, originating from the lubrication oil consumption past the piston rings. Mass flow through the engine proved to affect the particle size distribution as well as the total number of particles for all levels of oil ash content.
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| 3. |
- Adlercreutz, Ludvig, et al.
(författare)
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Variation in Squish Length and Swirl to Reach Higher Levels of EGRin a CNG Engine
- 2019
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Ingår i: SAE Technical Paper Series. - 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States : SAE International. - 0148-7191.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Gaseous methane fuel for internal combustion engineshave proved to be a competitive source of propulsionenergy for heavy duty truck engines. Using biogascan even reduce the carbon footprint of the truck to near-zerolevels, creating fully environmentally friendly transport. Gasengines have already been on the market and proved to be apopular alternative for buses and waste transport. However,for long haulage these gas engines have not been on par withthe equivalent diesel engines. To improve the power and efficiencyof EURO VI gas engines running stoichiometrically, adirect way forward is adding more boost pressure and sparkadvance in combination with more EGR to mitigate knock.Using in-cylinder turbulence to achieve higher mixing rate,the fuel can still be combusted efficiently despite the increasedfraction of inert gases. In this paper, previous findings onin-cylinder air flows for diesel engine simulations are investigatedfor the applicability on to stoichiometric gas combustion.Two key parameters were identified, swirl and squish.By varying the levels of swirl with different squish lengths inthe piston design, the in-cylinder flow motion is altered toinvestigate its effect on stoichiometric gas combustion. Thetesting was performed on a single cylinder research engineoperated in the equivalent multi cylinder engine operatingpoints. The results show that previous modelling findings areverified on the pre-mixed gas combustion studied. By choosingswirl and squish for the design of the gas engine, it is possibleto increase the combustion speed and thus the fraction of EGRin the combustion charge, without the latter having a negativeimpact on the combustion.
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| 4. |
- Andric, Jelena, 1979, et al.
(författare)
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Development and Calibration of One Dimensional Engine Model for Hardware-in-the-Loop Applications
- 2018
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Ingår i: SAE Technical Papers. - 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States : SAE International. - 0148-7191 .- 2688-3627. ; 2018-April
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The present paper aims at developing an innovative procedure to create a one-dimensional (1D) real-time capable simulation model for a heavy-duty diesel engine. The novelty of this approach is the use of the top-level engine configuration, test cell measurement data, and manufacturer maps as opposite to common practice of utilizing a detailed 1D engine model. The objective is to facilitate effective model adjustments and hence further increase the application of Hardware-in-the-Loop (HiL) simulations in powertrain development. This work describes the development of Fast Running Model (FRM) in GT-SUITE simulation software. The cylinder and gas-path modeling and calibration are described in detail. The results for engine performance and exhaust emissions produced satisfactory agreement with both steady-state and transient experimental data. Therefore, the presented methodology shows a great potential for testing and validation of new control strategies in Engine Management System (EMS) and for optimizing engine performance using HiL systems. The model has been successfully used in powertrain testing and calibration in the VIRtual TEst Cell (VIRTEC) system at Volvo Penta.
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| 5. |
- Arunachalam, Prakash, et al.
(författare)
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Humid Air Motor : A Novel Concept to Decrease the Emissions Using the Exhaust Heat
- 2017
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Ingår i: SAE Technical Papers. - 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States : SAE International. - 0148-7191. ; 2017-October
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Humid air motor (HAM) is an engine operated with humidified inlet charge. System simulations study on HAM showed the waste heat recovery potential over a conventional system. An HAM setup was constructed, to comprehend the potential benefits in real-time, the HAM setup was built around a 13-litre six cylinder Volvo diesel engine. The HAM engine process is explained in detail in this paper. Emission analysis is also performed for all three modes of operation. The experiments were carried out at part load operating point of the engine to understand the effects of humidified charge on combustion, efficiency, and emissions. Experiments were conducted without EGR, with EGR, and with humidified inlet charge. These three modes of operation provided the potential benefits of each system. Exhaust heat was used for partial humidification process. Results show that HAM operation, without compromising on efficiency, reduces NOx and soot significantly over the engine operated without EGR. With HAM around 75-80% of the otherwise waste heat is recuperated (Appendix). This heat is used to reduce the pumping losses and emissions unlike in other waste heat recovery technologies, where the power production is the primary objective.
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| 6. |
- Arvidsson, Rickard, 1985, et al.
(författare)
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Battery parameter estimation from recorded fleet data
- 2016
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Ingår i: SAE Technical Papers. - 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States : SAE International. - 0148-7191 .- 2688-3627. ; 2016-Octobeer
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A method to identify battery parameters for a Li-ION hybrid battery model based on current and voltage measurements performed in a vehicle during 12 months of in use operation is investigated. This is different from previous work where a common approach is to use current pulse de-rating tests, HPPC, hybrid pulse-power capability, which uses predetermined amplitudes and frequencies of current pulses. Equivalent circuit linear models of different complexity were tested and evaluated in order to identify parameter dependencies at different state of charge levels and temperatures. The average accuracy of modelling the DC bus voltage provides a model goodness average higher than 75% for all analyzed individual log files. The models are used in order to estimate energy output from the battery and compared towards how the estimated voltage error propagates throughout a drive cycle. Both single RC equivalent circuit model and R-equivalent circuit model experienced goodness of fit at average 75 % and dual RC equivalent circuit model was less accurate with average 40 %.
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| 7. |
- Arvidsson, Rickard, 1985, et al.
(författare)
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Comparing Dynamic Programming Optimal Control Strategies for a Series Hybrid Drivetrain
- 2017
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Ingår i: SAE Technical Papers. - 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States : SAE International. - 0148-7191 .- 2688-3627. ; 2017-October
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A two-state forward dynamic programming algorithm is evaluated in a series hybrid drive-train application with the objective to minimize fuel consumption when look-ahead information is available. The states in the new method are battery state-of-charge and engine speed. The new method is compared to one-state dynamic programming optimization methods where the requested generator power is found such that the fuel consumption is minimized and engine speed is given by the optimum power-speed efficiency line. The other method compared is to run the engine at a given operating point where the system efficiency is highest, finding the combination of engine run requests over the drive-cycle that minimizes the fuel consumption. The work has included the engine torque and generator power as control signals and is evaluated in a full vehicle-simulation model based on the Volvo Car Corporation VSIM tool. Lowest fuel consumption is obtained by the new two-state method, with 12 % less fuel consumed compared to operating the engine in the system efficiency sweet spot.
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| 8. |
- Aziz, Amir, et al.
(författare)
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The relevance of different fuel indices to describe autoignition behaviour of gasoline in light duty dici engine under ppc mode
- 2019
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Ingår i: Technical Paper - WCX SAE World Congress Experience. - 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States : SAE International. - 0148-7191. ; 2019
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Partially premixed combustion (PPC) with gasoline fuels is a new promising combustion concept for future internal combustion engines. However, many researchers have argued the capabilities of research octane number (RON) and Motor Octane Number (MON) to describe the autoignition behaviour of gasoline fuels in advanced combustion concepts like PPC. The objective of this study is to propose a new method, called PPC number, to characterize the auto ignition quality of gasoline fuels in a light-duty direct injected compression ignition engine under PPC conditions. The experimental investigations were performed on a 4-cylinder Volvo D4 2 litre engine. The ignition delay which was defined as the crank angle degrees between the start of injection (SOI) and start of combustion (SOC) was used to represent the auto ignition quality of a fuel. The ignition delays of primary reference fuels PRF (blends of n-heptane and iso-octane) were used to develop a reference curve where a PPC metric for gasoline could be based on. The PPC number of a specific gasoline is defined as the octane number of the PRF, which has the same ignition delay as gasoline under the same operating condition. Twelve different gasolines, having RON values between 55 and 95, were tested at two different operating conditions of 0% exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) and 40% EGR levels namely Case0 and Case40 respectively. The intake pressures of Case0 and Case40 were 1.5 bar and 1.8 bar respectively with a constant inlet temperature of 110 o C. The PPC numbers of all gasolines were measured and the relevancy of the other indices such as RON, MON, Octane Index and HCCI number were assessed. When the indices were compared, PPC number showed consistence and continues correlations with ignition delays in both conditions. Results also revealed that the spray target and piston geometry gave a big impact to the auto ignition quality of fuels.
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| 9. |
- Behere, Sagar, et al.
(författare)
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A Functional Brake Architecture for Autonomous Heavy Commercial Vehicles
- 2016
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Ingår i: SAE 2016 World Congress and Exhibition. - 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States : SAE International.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Heavy commercial vehicles constitute the dominant form of inland freight transport. There is a strong interest in making such vehicles autonomous (self-driving), in order to improve safety and the economics of fleet operation. Autonomy concerns affect a number of key systems within the vehicle. One such key system is brakes, which need to remain continuously available throughout vehicle operation. This paper presents a fail-operational functional brake architecture for autonomous heavy commercial vehicles. The architecture is based on a reconfiguration of the existing brake systems in a typical vehicle, in order to attain dynamic, diversified redundancy along with desired brake performance. Specifically, the parking brake is modified to act as a secondary brake with capabilities for monitoring and intervention of the primary brake system. A basic fault tree analysis of the architecture indicates absence of single points of failure, and a reliability analysis shows that it is reasonable to expect about an order of magnitude improvement in overall system reliability.
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| 10. |
- Belgiorno, Giacomo, et al.
(författare)
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Parametric Analysis of the Effect of Pilot Quantity, Combustion Phasing and EGR on Efficiencies of a Gasoline PPC Light-Duty Engine
- 2017
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Ingår i: SAE Technical Papers. - 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States : SAE International. - 0148-7191. ; 2017-September:September
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper, a parametric analysis on the main engine calibration parameters applied on gasoline Partially Premixed Combustion (PPC) is performed. Theoretically, the PPC concept permits to improve both the engine efficiencies and the NOx-soot trade-off simultaneously compared to the conventional diesel combustion. This work is based on the design of experiments (DoE), statistical approach, and investigates on the engine calibration parameters that might affect the efficiencies and the emissions of a gasoline PPC. The full factorial DoE analysis based on three levels and three factors (33 factorial design) is performed at three engine operating conditions of the Worldwide harmonized Light vehicles Test Cycles (WLTC). The pilot quantity (Qpil), the crank angle position when 50% of the total heat is released (CA50), and the exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) factors are considered. The goal is to identify an engine calibration with high efficiency and low emissions. The experiments are conducted on a 2l Volvo Euro 6 diesel engine. The fuels tested are Gasoline RON75 and MK1 diesel. Gasoline RON75 permits operation from low to high engine load conditions. A pilot/main injection strategy is adopted, necessary to control the peak pressure rise rate (PRRmax) to acceptable values and to extend the maximum engine load operating area in PPC. The experimental results show that increasing the EGR rate from 0 to 30%, the net efficiency improves approximately of 1.5% units, due to the shorter combustion duration. For all the conditions examined in PPC, the soot levels are about two times lower than diesel combustion. With a high level of EGR, combined with optimized pilot quantity and combustion phasing, high-efficiency PPC combustion can be achieved without penalties in terms of NOx emissions compared to diesel combustion.
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