| 1. |
- Abramoff, Rose Z., et al.
(författare)
-
How much carbon can be added to soil by sorption?
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Biogeochemistry. - : Springer Nature. - 0168-2563 .- 1573-515X. ; 152:2-3, s. 127-142
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Quantifying the upper limit of stable soil carbon storage is essential for guiding policies to increase soil carbon storage. One pool of carbon considered particularly stable across climate zones and soil types is formed when dissolved organic carbon sorbs to minerals. We quantified, for the first time, the potential of mineral soils to sorb additional dissolved organic carbon (DOC) for six soil orders. We compiled 402 laboratory sorption experiments to estimate the additional DOC sorption potential, that is the potential of excess DOC sorption in addition to the existing background level already sorbed in each soil sample. We estimated this potential using gridded climate and soil geochemical variables within a machine learning model. We find that mid- and low-latitude soils and subsoils have a greater capacity to store DOC by sorption compared to high-latitude soils and topsoils. The global additional DOC sorption potential for six soil orders is estimated to be 107 ± 13 Pg C to 1 m depth. If this potential was realized, it would represent a 7% increase in the existing total carbon stock.
|
|
| 2. |
- Andresen, Louise C., 1974, et al.
(författare)
-
Nitrogen dynamics after two years of elevated CO2 in phosphorus limited Eucalyptus woodland
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Biogeochemistry. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0168-2563 .- 1573-515X. ; 150, s. 297-312
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- It is uncertain how the predicted further rise of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration will affect plant nutrient availability in the future through indirect effects on the gross rates of nitrogen (N) mineralization (production of ammonium) and depolymerization (production of free amino acids) in soil. The response of soil nutrient availability to increasing atmospheric CO2 is particularly important for nutrient poor ecosystems. Within a FACE (Free-Air Carbon dioxide Enrichment) experiment in a native, nutrient poor Eucalyptus woodland (EucFACE) with low soil organic matter (≤ 3%), our results suggested there was no shortage of N. Despite this, microbial N use efficiency was high (c. 90%). The free amino acid (FAA) pool had a fast turnover time (4 h) compared to that of ammonium (NH4+) which was 11 h. Both NH4-N and FAA-N were important N pools; however, protein depolymerization rate was three times faster than gross N mineralization rates, indicating that organic N is directly important in the internal ecosystem N cycle. Hence, the depolymerization was the major provider of plant available N, while the gross N mineralization rate was the constraining factor for inorganic N. After two years of elevated CO2, no major effects on the pools and rates of the soil N cycle were found in spring (November) or at the end of summer (March). The limited response of N pools or N transformation rates to elevated CO2 suggest that N availability was not the limiting factor behind the lack of plant growth response to elevated CO2, previously observed at the site.
|
|
| 3. |
- Bieroza, Magdalena
(författare)
-
Storm size and hydrologic modification influence nitrate mobilization and transport in agricultural watersheds
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Biogeochemistry. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0168-2563 .- 1573-515X. ; 156, s. 319-334
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Agriculturally-driven land use change and hydrologic modifications have influenced solute transport in midwestern U.S. streams. A clear understanding of the mechanisms driving nutrient export from agricultural watersheds will be critical in mitigating diffuse nutrient pollution, given anticipated shifts in hydrology associated with a changing climate. Specifically, more frequent, intense precipitation and altered snow patterns are predicted for the upper Midwest. We used four years of high-frequency nitrate (NO3--N) sensor data from two tile-drained, agricultural watersheds in Indiana to explore NO3--N export for 200 storms. We used concentration-discharge (C-Q) relationships and two indices, the hysteresis index (HI) and flushing index (FI), to understand physicochemical controls of NO3--N export across time scales. On both annual and seasonal time scales, we found NO3--N concentrations were largely chemostatic; however, patterns in FI suggested C-Q relationships for individual storms were highly variable, which may influence estimates of watershed-scale NO3--N export. We also found storm NO3--N export was strongly driven by mobilization of distal sources, given the predominance of counterclockwise hysteresis. In both watersheds, HI and FI values varied seasonally and with storm size, and patterns were linked to changes in hydrologic connectivity related to variation in seasonal tile drain flow. Variation in storm-specific NO3--N yields was driven by event runoff, storm duration, and antecedent basin moisture, rather than antecedent precipitation. Overall, we found that high-frequency NO3--N data accurately documented the magnitude of the ecological challenge presented by storm-driven nutrient export in agricultural watersheds.
|
|
| 4. |
- Brachmann, Cole, 1993, et al.
(författare)
-
CH4 uptake along a successional gradient in temperate alpine soils
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Biogeochemistry. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0168-2563 .- 1573-515X. ; 147, s. 109-123
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The effects of climate change appear to be amplified in mountains compared with lowland areas, with rapid changes in plant community composition, soil properties, and increased substrate for biological development following retreat of glaciers. Associated soil gaseous fluxes in alpine ecosystems contribute to the global balance of greenhouse gases, but methane and carbon dioxide soil fluxes and their controls are not well known. We used a dynamic closed-chamber method to measure methane and carbon dioxide fluxes along a successional gradient during the peak growing season in the North Selkirk Mountains, British Columbia, Canada. Soil physico-chemical properties, vegetation cover, and topographic variables were quantified to determine mechanisms influencing these fluxes. Mean methane uptake ranged from - 155 lg CH4-C m- 2 h-1 in well vegetated sites to zero in recently deglaciated terrain. Soil total carbon (TC) and water content were the primary drivers of methane uptake. Sites with TC greater than 4% and moisture below 0.22 water fraction by volume (w.f.v) corresponded to the strongest methane sinks. Increased vegetation cover and relatively drier soil conditions, anticipated with future climate change, suggest that methane uptake may increase in these alpine ecosystems.
|
|
| 5. |
- Hensgens, Geert, et al.
(författare)
-
Impacts of litter decay on organic leachate composition and reactivity
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Biogeochemistry. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0168-2563 .- 1573-515X. ; 154:1, s. 99-117
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Litter decomposition produces labile and recalcitrant forms of dissolved organic matter (DOM) that significantly affect soil carbon (C) sequestration. Chemical analysis of this DOM can provide important knowledge for understanding soil DOM dynamics, but detailed molecular analyses on litter derived DOM are scarce. Here we use ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) to characterize the molecular composition of DOM from fresh and progressively decomposed litter samples. We compared high reactive (HR) and low reactive (LR) litter sources with regard to changes in the chemistry and bioavailability of leachates throughout the early phase of litter decay. We show that litter reactivity is a driver of chemical changes in the leached DOM of litter species. Birch, alder and Vaccinium (i.e. HR) litter initially produced more DOM with a higher lability than that of spruce, pine and wood (i.e. LR) litter. Labile oxidized phenolic compounds were abundant in leachates produced during the initial HR litter decay stages, indicating litter lignin degradation. However, the similarity in chemistry between HR and LR leachates increased during the litter decay process as highly leachable structures in HR litter were depleted. In contrast, chemistry of leachates from LR litter changed little during the litter decay process. The oxygenated phenolic compounds from HR litter were driving the lability of HR leachates and the changes in relative abundance of molecules during DOM incubation. This appeared to result in the creation of stable aliphatic secondary microbial compounds. In LR leachates, lability was driven by labile aliphatic compounds, while more resistant phenolic compounds were associated with recalcitrance. These results show how DOM dynamics follow different paths depending on litter reactivity, which has important implications for soil biogeochemistry and C sequestration.
|
|
| 6. |
- Hensgens, Geert, et al.
(författare)
-
The role of the understory in litter DOC and nutrient leaching in boreal forests
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Biogeochemistry. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0168-2563 .- 1573-515X. ; 149:1, s. 87-103
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) derived from plant litter plays an important role in the ecosystem carbon balance and soil biogeochemistry. However, in boreal coniferous forests no integrated understanding exists of how understory vegetation contributes to litter leaching of DOC, nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) with different bioavailability at the forest stand level. We characterized water extractable leachates from fresh and decayed litter of dominant canopy and understory sources in a boreal coniferous forest, in order to explore the contribution of understory vegetation as a source of both total and bioavailable forms of DOC, N and P. Recently produced litter from deciduous species (including Vaccinium myrtillus) yielded the highest amounts of DOC. However, this leaching potential decreased exponentially with mass loss through litter decay. The DOC lability generally showed little interspecific variation, although wood derived DOC was more recalcitrant. Lability decreased progressively with litter aging. Water extractable nutrients increased proportionally with DOC, and roughly a quarter (N) or half (P) had directly bioavailable inorganic forms. Scaled to annual litterfall at the forest stand, understory vegetation contributed ~ 80% of the water extractable DOC and nutrients from fresh litter, with > 60% coming from Vaccinium myrtillus alone. However, as litter decomposes, the data suggest a lower leaching potential is maintained with a larger contribution from needle, wood and moss litter. Our study shows that understory vegetation, especially V. myrtillus, is a key driver of litter DOC and nutrient leaching in boreal coniferous forests.
|
|
| 7. |
- Jones, Kevin, et al.
(författare)
-
Seasonal variation and importance of catchment area composition for transport of bioavailable carbon to the Baltic Sea
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Biogeochemistry. - 0168-2563 .- 1573-515X. ; 165:3, s. 265-276
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Transport of terrestrial carbon through riverine systems to coastal water has a negative impact on oxygen concentration in coastal areas. However, information on seasonal variation and the impact of catchment composition on the bioavailability of allochthonous carbon is lacking. In this project we address this knowledge gap by investigating the reactivity of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) at river mouths which originate from agricultural or forested dominated catchments over a year. Using a high-capacity oxygen sensing system biological oxygen demand (BOD) was measured and converted to carbon utilization rate. This allowed a spatial and temporal resolution necessary to understand how concentrations of total nitrogen, total phosphorus, DOC, as well as carbon composition influence carbon bioavailability. Seasonality and the differing catchment compositions yielded variable results about which factors were significantly contributing to reactivity. In addition, we found that carbon utilization rate was highest during April, June, and October for most rivers. The bioavailable fraction (BFc) was significantly higher in rivers with agricultural compared to forest dominated catchments during January, April, June, and October. However, rivers with agricultural dominated catchment had a significantly higher carbon utilization rate in August. This indicate that rivers dominated by forest transport larger and more refractory pools of carbon, while rivers with agricultural dominated catchments have a higher percentage of BFc. Based on these results we suggest that management efforts, to reduce the transport of bioavailable carbon, would be most efficient during spring and autumn with equal importance on rivers with catchment areas dominated by agriculture and forest.
|
|
| 8. |
- Kerdraon, Deirdre
(författare)
-
Altered litter inputs modify carbon and nitrogen storage in soil organic matter in a lowland tropical forest
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Biogeochemistry. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0168-2563 .- 1573-515X. ; 156, s. 115-130
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Soil organic matter (SOM) in tropical forests is an important store of carbon (C) and nutrients. Although SOM storage could be affected by global changes via altered plant productivity, we know relatively little about SOM stabilisation and turnover in tropical forests compared to temperate systems. Here, we investigated changes in soil C and N within particle size fractions representing particulate organic matter (POM) and mineral-associated organic matter (MAOM) after 13 years of experimental litter removal (L-) and litter addition (L+) treatments in a lowland tropical forest. We hypothesized that reduced nitrogen (N) availability in L- plots would result in N-mining of MAOM, whereas long-term litter addition would increase POM, without altering the C:N ratio of SOM fractions. Overall, SOM-N declined more than SOM-C with litter removal, providing evidence of N-mining in the L- plots, which increased the soil C:N ratio. However, contrary to expectations, the C:N ratio increased most in the largest POM fraction, whereas the C:N ratio of MAOM remained unchanged. We did not observe the expected increases in POM with litter addition, which we attribute to rapid turnover of unprotected SOM. Measurements of ion exchange rates to assess changes in N availability and soil chemistry revealed that litter removal increased the mobility of ammonium-N and aluminium, whereas litter addition increased the mobility of nitrate-N and iron, which could indicate SOM priming in both treatments. Our study suggests that altered litter inputs affect multiple processes contributing to SOM storage and we propose potential mechanisms to inform future work.
|
|
| 9. |
- Laudon, Hjalmar
(författare)
-
Atmospheric deposition and precipitation are important predictors of inorganic nitrogen export to streams from forest and grassland watersheds: a large-scale data synthesis
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Biogeochemistry. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0168-2563 .- 1573-515X. ; 160, s. 219-241
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Previous studies have evaluated how changes in atmospheric nitrogen (N) inputs and climate affect stream N concentrations and fluxes, but none have synthesized data from sites around the globe. We identified variables controlling stream inorganic N concentrations and fluxes, and how they have changed, by synthesizing 20 time series ranging from 5 to 51 years of data collected from forest and grassland dominated watersheds across Europe, North America, and East Asia and across four climate types (tropical, temperate, Mediterranean, and boreal) using the International Long-Term Ecological Research Network. We hypothesized that sites with greater atmospheric N deposition have greater stream N export rates, but that climate has taken a stronger role as atmospheric deposition declines in many regions of the globe. We found declining trends in bulk ammonium and nitrate deposition, especially in the longest time-series, with ammonium contributing relatively more to atmospheric N deposition over time. Among sites, there were statistically significant positive relationships between (1) annual rates of precipitation and stream ammonium and nitrate fluxes and (2) annual rates of atmospheric N inputs and stream nitrate concentrations and fluxes. There were no significant relationships between air temperature and stream N export. Our long-term data shows that although N deposition is declining over time, atmospheric N inputs and precipitation remain important predictors for inorganic N exported from forested and grassland watersheds. Overall, we also demonstrate that long-term monitoring provides understanding of ecosystems and biogeochemical cycling that would not be possible with short-term studies alone.
|
|
| 10. |
- Liénart, Camilla, et al.
(författare)
-
Spatio-temporal variation in stable isotope and elemental composition of key-species reflect environmental changes in the Baltic Sea
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Biogeochemistry. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0168-2563 .- 1573-515X. ; 157:2, s. 149-170
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios are increasingly used to study long-term change in food web structure and nutrient cycling. We retrospectively analyse elemental composition (C, N and P) and stable isotopes (δ13C, δ15N) in archived monitoring samples of two important taxa from the bottom of the food web; the filamentous ephemeral macroalgae Cladophora spp. and the blue mussel Mytilus edulis trossulus from three contrasting regions in the Baltic Sea (coastal Bothnian Sea and Baltic Proper, open sea central Baltic). The aim is to statistically link the observed spatial and interannual (8–24 years’ time-series) variability in elemental and isotope baselines with their biomass trends and to the oceanographic monitoring data reflecting the ongoing environmental changes (i.e., eutrophication and climate) in this system. We find clear differences in isotope baselines between the two major Baltic Sea basins. However, the temporal variation in Mytilus δ13C was similar among regions and, at the open sea station, mussels and algae δ13C also correlated over time, likely reflecting a global (Suess) effect, whereas δ15N of both taxa varied with local and regional dissolved nitrogen concentrations in water. δ15N in source amino acids allowed detection of diazotrophic N in Mytilus, which was masked in bulk δ15N. Finally, Cladophora N:P reflected regional nutrient levels in the water while P%, which differed for both taxa, was linked to food quality for Mytilus. This study highlights the potential of a multi-taxa and multi-stable isotope approach to understand nutrient dynamics and monitor long-term environmental changes.
|
|
