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| 2. |
- de Pablo, Yolanda, et al.
(författare)
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Drugs targeting intermediate filaments can improve neurosupportive properties of astrocytes.
- 2018
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Ingår i: Brain Research Bulletin. - : Elsevier BV. - 0361-9230. ; 136, s. 130-138
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In response to central nervous system (CNS) injury, astrocytes upregulate intermediate filament (nanofilament) proteins GFAP and vimentin. Whereas the intermediate filament upregulation in astrocytes is important for neuroprotection in the acute phase of injury, it might inhibit the regenerative processes later on. Thus, timely modulation of the astrocyte intermediate filaments was proposed as a strategy to promote brain repair. We used clomipramine, epoxomicin and withaferin A, drugs reported to decrease the expression of GFAP, and assessed their effect on neurosupportive properties and resilience of astrocytes to oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD). Clomipramine decreased protein levels of GFAP, as well as vimentin and nestin, and did not affect astrocyte resilience to oxidative stress. Withaferin A sensitized astrocytes to OGD. Both clomipramine and epoxomicin promoted the attachment and survival of neurons co-cultured with astrocytes under standard culture conditions. Moreover, epoxomicin increased neurosupportive properties of astrocytes after OGD. Our data point to clomipramine and epoxomicin as potential candidates for astrocyte modulation to improve outcome after CNS injury.
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| 3. |
- Grönbladh, Alfhild, et al.
(författare)
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The neurobiology and addiction potential of anabolic androgenic steroids and the effects of growth hormone
- 2016
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Ingår i: Brain Research Bulletin. - : Elsevier BV. - 0361-9230 .- 1873-2747. ; 126, s. 127-137
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) are substances that mimic the hormone testosterone, and primarily act via the androgen receptor. In addition to their physiological effect on muscle tissue and growth, research from the last decade has shown that AAS have a pronounced impact on the central nervous system. A large number of studies have demonstrated that AAS affect the mesolimbic reward system in the brain. However, whether the direct effects of AAS on endorphins, dopamine, serotonin and GABA etc. and on the corresponding and related systems lead to dependence needs to be further elucidated. According to recent studies, the prevalence of AAS dependence among AAS users has been estimated to be approximately 30%, and polysubstance use, of both pharmaceutical drugs and narcotics, within this group is common. The present review primarily discusses AAS in the context of addiction and dependence, and further addresses the issue of using multiple substances, i.e. stimulants and opiates in combination with AAS. In addition, aspects of the treatment of AAS dependence, the connection between AAS abuse and cognition, and AAS-induced neurotoxicity are presented. Currently, performance enhancing drugs are frequently used in combination with AAS. Therefore, a large section on growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor is also included.
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- Porto, Fabio Henrique de Gobbi, et al.
(författare)
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In vivo evidence for neuroplasticity in older adults
- 2015
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Ingår i: Brain Research Bulletin. - : Elsevier BV. - 0361-9230 .- 1873-2747. ; 114, s. 56-61
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Neuroplasticity can be conceptualized as an intrinsic property of the brain that enables modification of function and structure in response to environmental demands. Neuroplastic strengthening of synapses is believed to serve as a critical mechanism underlying learning, memory, and other cognitive functions. Ex vivo work investigating neuroplasticity has been done on hippocampal slices using high frequency stimulation. However, in vivo neuroplasticity in humans has been difficult to demonstrate. Recently, a long-term potentiation-like phenomenon, a form of neuroplastic change, was identified in young adults by differences in visual evoked potentials (VEPs) that were measured before and after tetanic visual stimulation (TVS). The current study investigated whether neuroplastic changes in the visual pathway can persist in older adults. Seventeen healthy subjects, 65 years and older, were recruited from the community. Subjects had a mean age of 77.4 years, mean education of 17 years, mean MMSE of 29.1, and demonstrated normal performance on neuropsychological tests. 1 Hz checkerboard stimulation, presented randomly to the right or left visual hemi-field, was followed by 2 mm of 9 Hz stimulation (TVS) to one hemi-field. After 2 mm of rest, 1 Hz stimulation was repeated. Temporospatial principal component analysis was used to identify the Nib component of the VEPs, at lateral occipital locations, in response to 1 Hz stimulation pre- and post-TVS. Results showed that the amplitude of factors representing the early and late Nib component was substantially larger after tetanic stimulation. These findings indicate that high frequency visual stimulation can enhance the Nib in cognitively high functioning old adults, suggesting that neuroplastic changes in visual pathways can continue into late life. Future studies are needed to determine the extent to which this marker of neuroplasticity is sustained over a longer period of time, and is influenced by age, cognitive status, and neurodegenerative disease. (C) 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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