| 1. |
|
|
| 2. |
- Andersson, Kerstin, et al.
(författare)
-
Patients with insulin-dependent diabetes but not those with non-insulin-dependent diabetes have anti-sulfatide antibodies as determined with a new ELISA assay
- 2002
-
Ingår i: Autoimmunity. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0891-6934 .- 1607-842X. ; 35:7, s. 463-8
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: In sera from newly diagnosed insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus patients (IDDM type 1) autoantibodies occur against different antigen determinants often shared with neural tissues. The role of these autoantibodies in the disease process is not yet clarified but they can be used as a diagnostic tool in the detection of IDDM patients. METHODS: We have analysed the occurrence of sulfatide autoantibodies in serum from patients with type 1 diabetes (n = 20), individuals with pre-type 1 diabetes (n = 6), patients with type 2 diabetes (n = 32) and controls (n = 43). The method used for the determination of the autoantibodies was a newly developed microtitre-ELISA assay utilizing a complex of sulfatide-albumin as the ligand. RESULTS: The new assay procedure for serum sulfatide autoantibodies showed good reproducibility. The total (day-to-day) imprecision based on analyses of three different serum samples with positive titres varied between 11 and 14% during an assay period of 6 months. None of the controls (0/43) had positive titres of sulfatide antibodies. Of the patients with type 1 diabetes, 85% displayed positive titres of anti-sulfatide antibodies while none of the type 2 patients did so. All individuals with pre-type 1 diabetes had positive titres of sulfatide antibodies. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that sulfatide autoantibodies in serum can be reproducibly assayed by the newly developed microtitre-ELISA procedure. Elevated titres of sulfatide autoantibodies are a constant finding in newly diagnosed type 1 patients.
|
|
| 3. |
|
|
| 4. |
|
|
| 5. |
|
|
| 6. |
|
|
| 7. |
- Lowe, Michael R., et al.
(författare)
-
The length of the CTLA-4 microsatellite (AT)(N)-repeat affects the risk for type 1 diabetes
- 2000
-
Ingår i: Autoimmunity. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0891-6934 .- 1607-842X. ; 32:3, s. 173-180
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- CTLA-4 is important to down-regulating T cell responses and has been implicated in type 1 (insulin dependent) diabetes mellitus in both linkage and association studies. The aim of our study was to relate the polymorphic (AT)(n) microsatellite in the 3' untranslated sequence of the CTLA-4 gene to diabetes risk. We studied 616 consecutively diagnosed 0-34 year-old Swedish patients and 502 matched controls by PCR-based genotyping to determine the length of the 3'-end (AT)(n)repeat region of the CTLA-4 gene and categorizing alleles as predominantly monomorphic short (S) or highly polymorphic (in length) long (L) alleles. The odds of type 1 diabetes of subjects with the L/L genotype was estimated to be 1.84 times that of subjects with the S/S genotype (95% CI 1.44-2.73, p=0.002). Further analysis of the long alleles, partitioned into intermediate (I) length and very long (VL) alleles, suggested that L alleles act recessively in conferring diabetes risk (p=0.0009). This study suggests that the 3'-end (AT)(n) repeat region of the CTLA-4 gene represents a recessive risk factor for type 1 diabetes.
|
|
| 8. |
- Nilsson, Jan, et al.
(författare)
-
Atherosclerosis.
- 2004
-
Ingår i: Autoimmunity. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0891-6934 .- 1607-842X. ; 37:4, s. 351-355
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
|
|
| 9. |
- Roth, Bodil, et al.
(författare)
-
Biochemical and immuno-pathological aspects of tissue transglutaminase in coeliac disease
- 2003
-
Ingår i: Autoimmunity. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0891-6934 .- 1607-842X. ; 36:4, s. 221-226
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Tissue transglutaminase (tTg) has been identified as the major autoantigen in coeliac disease (CD). ELISA methods have been developed for measuring the autoantibody. There are divergent reports on the effects of calcium on the antibody binding to tTg. Furthermore, zinc is a potent inhibitor of tTg. To better understand the role of transglutaminase in CD, we have studied the stability of commercial tTG, the effect of CD serum on tTg-activity and the effects of calcium and zinc on the antibody binding. The inclusion of calcium during the coating of the ELISA plates significantly increases the binding of the antibody, while zinc at physiological concentrations inhibits the binding. Moreover, our results show that commercial guinea pig liver Tg treated with calcium contains at least four major antigenic molecules and is a labile enzyme, which is degraded rapidly by contaminating proteases. Human serum contains anti-proteases that protect the enzyme. Probably, the labile character of commercial tTG explains the divergent reports on the effects of calcium on antibody binding. Finally, antibodies in serum from a CD patient do not seem to inhibit tTg activity. Hypothetically, low, intestinal Zn2+ -levels facilitate Ca2+ -activation of tTg, which deamidates gliadin. A complex between tTg and modified gliadin forms the antigen and triggers the immune reaction leading to manifest CD. Hypozincaemia secondary to villous atrophy aggravates the induced disease.
|
|
| 10. |
- Rönnblom, Lars, et al.
(författare)
-
Role of natural interferon-alpha producing cells (plasmacytoid dendritic cells) in autoimmunity
- 2003
-
Ingår i: Autoimmunity. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0891-6934 .- 1607-842X. ; 36:8, s. 463-72
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The type I interferons (IFNs) have antiviral, cytostatic and prominent immunomodulatory effects, which all are of great importance during viral infections. However, prolonged exposure of the immune system to type I IFN can break tolerance and initiate an autoimmune reaction, eventually leading to autoimmune disease. Recent observations in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) have revealed that such individuals have endogenous IFN-alpha inducers, causing an ongoing IFN-alpha production and consequently a continuous stimulation of the immune system. These IFN-alpha inducers consist of small immune complexes (IC) containing DNA or RNA and act on the principal IFN-alpha producing cell, the natural IFN-alpha producing cell (NIPC), also termed the plasmacytoid dendritic cell (PDC). The NIPC/PDC is a key cell in both the innate and adaptive immune response but can also, either directly or via produced IFN-alpha, have a pivotal role in autoimmunity. In this review we summarize recent data concerning NIPC/PDC, including their activation, regulation, function and possible role in autoimmune diseases, especially SLE.
|
|
