| 1. |
|
|
| 2. |
- Lundgren, Tommy, 1970-, et al.
(författare)
-
Climate policy, environmental performance, and profits
- 2015
-
Ingår i: Journal of Productivity Analysis. - : Springer. - 0895-562X .- 1573-0441. ; 44:3, s. 225-235
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this study we investigate how firm level environmental performance (EP) affects firm level economic performance measured as profit efficiency (PE) in a stochastic profit frontier setting. Analyzing firms in Swedish manufacturing 1990–2004, results show that EP induced by environmental policy is not a determinant of PE, while voluntary or market driven EP seem to have a significant and positive effect on firm PE in most sectors. The evidence generally supports the idea that good EP is also good for business, as long as EP is not brought on by policy measures, in this case a CO2 tax. Thus, the results provide no general support for the Porter hypothesis.
|
|
| 3. |
- Neumann, Anne, et al.
(författare)
-
Estimating alternative technology sets in nonparametric efficiency analysis : restriction tests for panel and clustered data
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Journal of Productivity Analysis. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0895-562X .- 1573-0441. ; 45:1, s. 35-51
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Nonparametric efficiency analysis has become a widely applied technique to support industrial benchmarking as well as a variety of incentive-based regulation policies. In practice such exercises are often plagued by incomplete knowledge about the correct specifications of inputs and outputs. Simar and Wilson (Commun Stat Simul Comput 30(1):159–184, 2001) and Schubert and Simar (J Prod Anal 36(1):55–69, 2011) propose restriction tests to support such specification decisions for cross-section data. However, the typical oligopolized market structure pertinent to regulation contexts often leads to low numbers of cross-section observations, rendering reliable estimation based on these tests practically unfeasible. This small-sample problem could often be avoided with the use of panel data, which would in any case require an extension of the cross-section restriction tests to handle panel data. In this paper we derive these tests. We prove the consistency of the proposed method and apply it to a sample of US natural gas transmission companies from 2003 through 2007. We find that the total quantity of natural gas delivered and natural gas delivered in peak periods measure essentially the same output. Therefore only one needs to be included. We also show that the length of mains as a measure of transportation service is non-redundant and therefore must be included.
|
|
| 4. |
- Veiderpass, Ann, 1953
(författare)
-
Foreign aid and productivity
- 2015
-
Ingår i: Journal of Productivity Analysis. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0895-562X .- 1573-0441. ; 43:3, s. 249-258
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Millennium Summit 2000 and the declaration of the Millennium Development Goals again brought to the fore questions on the importance of foreign aid. Consequently, the long debated question of whether or not foreign aid enhances economic growth and efficiency in resource use received renewed attention. However, consensus has still eluded researchers and policy makers. In spite of numerous studies, there is little evidence of a significant positive effect on the long-term growth of poor countries. While most previous studies have relied on simple cross country regressions, this study suggests a new approach, evaluating country performance in a production theory context using productivity as a measure, applying the non-parametric Malmquist Productivity Index and then linking this country performance to amount of foreign aid received. A balanced panel of 89 low and middle income countries from five different geographical categories is studied over a period of 11 years. By use of a novel visual test the countries are grouped into three categories, significant productivity decline, growth or no change. The different categories are based on confidence intervals resulting from bootstrapping. When linking country performance to aid in a more traditional way, a significant, but weak correlation is found.
|
|
| 5. |
- Wikström, Daniel
(författare)
-
A finite sample improvement of the fixed effects estimator applied to technical inefficiency
- 2015
-
Ingår i: Journal of Productivity Analysis. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0895-562X .- 1573-0441. ; 43:1, s. 29-46
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The fixed effects (‘FE’) estimator of technical inefficiency performs poorly when N (the ’number of firms’) is large and T (the ‘number of time observations’) is small. We propose kernel estimators, which includes the FE estimator as a special case. In terms of criteria based on collective conditional ‘mean square error’, it is demonstrated that some kernel estimators are more efficient than the FE estimators of firm effects and inefficiencies in finite sample settings. Monte Carlo simulations support our theoretical findings, and we use an empirical example to show how FE estimation and kernel estimation lead to very different conclusions about technical inefficiency among Indonesian rice farmers.
|
|
| 6. |
- Wikström, Daniel, 1976-
(författare)
-
Modified fixed effects estimation of technical inefficiency
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Journal of Productivity Analysis. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0895-562X .- 1573-0441. ; 46:1, s. 83-86
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We consider method-of-moments fixed effects (FE) estimation of technical inefficiency. When dealing with a large number of cross-sectional observations, N, it is possible to obtain consistent moment estimators of the inefficiency distribution. It is well known that the classical FE estimator may be seriously upward biased when N is large and T, the number of time observations, is small. The method-of-moments FE estimators do not suffer from this type of bias in large-N settings. The proposed methodology bridges classical FE and maximum likelihood estimation, leading to a reduction in bias without making the random effects assumption.
|
|
