| 1. |
- Dylman, Alexandra, et al.
(författare)
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The role of semantic processing in reading Japanese orthographies : an investigation using a script-switch paradigm
- 2018
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Ingår i: Reading and writing. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0922-4777 .- 1573-0905. ; 31:3, s. 503-531
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Research on Japanese reading has generally indicated that processing of the logographic script Kanji primarily involves whole-word lexical processing and follows a semantics-to-phonology route, while the two phonological scripts Hiragana and Katakana (collectively called Kana) are processed via a sub-lexical route, and more in a phonology-to-semantics manner. Therefore, switching between the two scripts often involves switching between two reading processes, which results in a delayed response for the second script (a script switch cost). In the present study, participants responded to pairs of words that were written either in the same orthography (within-script), or in two different Japanese orthographies (cross-script), switching either between Kanji and Hiragana, or between Katakana and Hiragana. They were asked to read the words aloud (Experiments 1 and 3) and to make a semantic decision about them (Experiments 2 and 4). In contrast to initial predictions, a clear switch cost was observed when participants switched between the two Kana scripts, while script switch costs were less consistent when participants switched between Kanji and Hiragana. This indicates that there are distinct processes involved in reading of the two types of Kana, where Hiragana reading appears to bear some similarities to Kanji processing. This suggests that the role of semantic processing in Hiragana (but not Katakana) reading is more prominent than previously thought and thus, Hiragana is not likely to be processed strictly phonologically.
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| 2. |
- Graham, Steve, et al.
(författare)
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Writing education around the globe : introduction and call for a new global analysis
- 2016
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Ingår i: Reading and writing. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0922-4777 .- 1573-0905. ; 29:5, s. 781-792
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper presents a special issue on writing around the globe. Researchers from across the world describe writing practices in their country using a wide variety of methodology. The paper show that while there are many similarities in writing instruction from one country to the next, there are also many differences. As a result, the authors call for a new international study of writing, one that takes more descriptive rather than a comparative approach.
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| 3. |
- Hofslundsengen, Hilde, et al.
(författare)
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Immediate and delayed effects of invented writing intervention in preschool
- 2016
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Ingår i: Reading and writing. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0922-4777 .- 1573-0905. ; 29:7
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study examined the effects of a 10 week invented writing program with five-year-old preschoolers (mean age 5.7 years) on their immediate post intervention literacy skills and also the facilitative effects of the intervention on the subsequent learning to read during the first 6 months of schooling. The study included 105 children (54 girls) from 12 preschools in Norway. The preschools were randomly assigned to the experimental group with the invented writing program, or the control group with the ordinary program offered to preschoolers. The classroom based programs (40 sessions) were conducted by the children’s regular teachers. The children’s emergent literacy skills were evaluated using a pre-test, a post-test and a follow-up test 6 months later, and the data were analyzed using latent autoregressive models. The results showed that the invented writing group performed significantly better than the control group on the post-test for the measures of phoneme awareness (d = .54), spelling (d = .65) and word reading (d = .36). Additionally, indirect effects were observed on the delayed follow-up tests on phoneme awareness (d = .45), spelling (d = .48) and word reading (d = .26). In conclusion, we argue that invented writing appeared to smooth the progress of emergent literacy skills in preschool, including the subsequent reading development in school. Contextualized in a semi-consistent orthography and a preschool tradition that does not encourage the learning of written language skills, the findings add to our knowledge of how children learn to write and read.
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| 4. |
- Kerestes, Gordana, 1965, et al.
(författare)
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Literacy development beyond early schooling: a 4‑year follow‑up study of Croatian
- 2019
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Ingår i: Reading and writing. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0922-4777 .- 1573-0905. ; 32:8, s. 1955-1988
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The purpose of this study was to investigate literacy development beyond the early school years. We investigated mean-level and rank-order changes in two reading (word decoding speed and reading comprehension) and two spelling (word and pseudoword spelling accuracy) tasks during a 4-year period from beginning to the later grades of elementary school, and examined whether rank-order changes in liter- acy skills could be predicted from verbal working memory, phonological awareness, and morpho-syntactic awareness. The sample consisted of Croatian speaking chil- dren, poor (n = 50) and good (n = 61) readers. Croatian is a language with a highly transparent orthography but a rather complex grammar. Word decoding speed and word spelling accuracy improved significantly over the study period, word decoding speed more so among good than among poor readers, supporting the Matthew effect hypothesis. Literacy skills were moderately stable, with the highest stability coef- ficients obtained for word decoding speed, and the lowest for pseudoword spelling. The predictors of rank-order changes varied across literacy outcomes, but did not differ for poor and good readers. Morpho-syntactic awareness predicted rank-order development of all outcomes except for word spelling. Phonological awareness pre- dicted rank-order development of reading comprehension and word spelling. Ver- bal working memory predicted rank-order development of word spelling only, and at a low level. The finding that the more language related cognitive variables, i.e., morpho-syntactic and phonological skills, were stronger predictors of literacy devel- opment than working memory, for both poor and good readers, suggests remedial focus on these more predictive variables.
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| 5. |
- Stang Lund, Elisabeth, et al.
(författare)
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Direct and indirect effects of textual and individual factors on source-content integration when reading about a socio-scientific issue
- 2018
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Ingår i: Reading and writing. - : Springer Nature. - 0922-4777 .- 1573-0905. ; 32:2, s. 335-356
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The purpose of this study was to test a hypothesized model that specified direct and indirect effects of textual and individual factors on readers’ ability to integrate information about sources and content when reading multiple conflicting texts on a controversial socio-scientific issue. Using a path analytic approach with a sample of 140 Norwegian upper secondary school students, it was found that the textual factor of presentation format, specifically whether they read about the conflicting issue in multiple texts or in a single text, affected source-content integration directly as well as indirectly through memory for textual conflicts. Thus, compared to interacting with a single text, interacting with multiple texts improved students’ sourcing performance directly as well as indirectly. Further, the individual factors of prior knowledge and gender affected source-content integration directly, with prior knowledge also having an indirect effect that was mediated by memory for textual conflicts. Specifically, students with higher prior knowledge and girls were likely to display better sourcing performance than were students with lower prior knowledge and boys, and prior knowledge also had an indirect positive effect on sourcing via memory for textual conflicts. Theoretical as well as educational implications of the findings are discussed.
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| 6. |
- van Weijen, Daphne, et al.
(författare)
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Source use and argumentation behavior in L1 and L2 writing : a within-writer comparison
- 2019
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Ingår i: Reading and writing. - : Springer. - 0922-4777 .- 1573-0905. ; 32:6, s. 1635-1655
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this study was to test whether Cummins' Linguistic Interdependence Hypothesis (LIH) might also apply to writing, by determining to what extent writers' text quality, source use and argumentation behavior are related in L1 and L2, how effective writers' behavior is and whether their L2 proficiency influenced the relations between them. To answer these questions, twenty students wrote four short argumentative source based essays each in L1 (Dutch) and four in L2 (English). A within-writer cross-linguistic comparison of their texts revealed that their L1 and L2 writing competencies appear to be related. Furthermore, writers' source use behavior differed to some extent between languages, but the strong positive correlations found between source use features suggest that in most cases this was more a person than a language effect. Similarly, for argumentation behavior, results showed some learner specific features (e.g. inclusion of titles and reference lists), but differences between languages for others (e.g. the inclusion of both arguments and counter-arguments). Effects of the different source use and argumentation features studied on text quality were limited and no clear effect of L2 proficiency on writers' behavior or their influence on text quality were found. Overall, in line with earlier research, these findings provide some additional support for Cummins' LIH and the idea that writers might have a common underlying source for writing related knowledge and practices which they can apply in multiple languages.
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| 7. |
- Dick, H Burkhard, et al.
(författare)
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Evaluation of clinical outcomes following implantation of a sub-2-mm hydrophilic acrylic MICS intraocular lens
- 2019
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Ingår i: International ophtalmology. - : Springer Netherlands. - 0165-5701 .- 1573-2630. ; 39:5, s. 1043-1054
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- PURPOSE: To evaluate clinical outcomes following sub-2-mm microincision cataract surgery (MICS) and intraocular lens (IOL) implantation.SETTING: Five EU clinical sites.DESIGN: Prospective, multicenter, open-label, single-arm, non-randomized.METHODS: Preoperative assessment involved visual acuity (VA), intraocular pressure and biometry measurements. 1.4-mm wound-assisted or 1.8-mm MICS was performed. Follow-up visits were made 1 day, 1-2 weeks, 1-2 and 4-6 months after surgery. The incision size, corrected distance VA (CDVA), uncorrected distance VA, manifest refraction spherical equivalent (MRSE), refraction predictability/stability and IOL decentration were assessed. At 12-, 18-, and 24-month, long-term centration, posterior capsular opacification (PCO) and Nd:YAG capsulotomy rates were investigated.RESULTS: A total of 103 eyes were implanted with the study IOL (INCISE, Bausch & Lomb), 96 of which were included in visual outcome analysis. A mean 6-month CDVA of - 0.02 logMAR (20/20 + 1) was observed and 75 eyes (79.8%) and 93 eyes (98.3%) achieved a visual acuity of at least 20/20 or 20/40. Mean MRSE was - 0.20 ± 0.60 D. Mean absolute predictive error was 0.44 ± 0.36 D, with 90.4% within 1.00 D of target. Mean total decentration was 0.35 ± 0.36 mm at 6 months and 0.32 ± 0.14 mm at 24 months (p > 0.05). 24-month evaluation of posterior capsular opacification score was 0.03 for the central area. A Nd:YAG rate of 3.4% was observed at 24 months.CONCLUSIONS: The new MICS IOL provided excellent visual outcomes and was safe and effective for the sub-2-mm procedure. The MICS IOL demonstrated long-term centration, stability and a low rate of PCO development.
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| 8. |
- Vasilyev, Leonid, et al.
(författare)
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On the Properties of the Parameter Space of the Generalized Continuum Transport Model for Description of Fluid Flow in Porous Networks
- 2017
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Ingår i: Transport in Porous Media. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0169-3913 .- 1573-1634. ; 119:3, s. 673-688
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Generalized transport models, such as Dual and Multiple Continua Models, Global Random Walk, Multirate Mass Transfer and Continuous Time Random Walk are widely used for description of anomalous transport in fractured and porous media. For these models the form of the parameter space is crucial for the most accurate description of anomalous effects as well as the mean transport phenomenon. Constraining of the parameter space is required for the proper interpretation of the physical properties taking place. In this study the Generalized Continuum Transport model is considered as a versatile tool for the parameter space selection as well as better quantification of anomalous (non-Fickian) transport. Different variants of the parameter space are applied to the GCT model and the breakthrough curves obtained from the pore-network models with strong anomalities are fitted. Flexibility of the model is demonstrated through its static and dynamic adaptivity to network structure and transport complexity. The beneficial results of the curve fitting are also compared with the classical models. It is thus demonstrated that the complexity of the model as well as the model parameters can be directly determined based on fine-scale simulations.
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