| 1. |
- Bagley, Mark, 1979
(författare)
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Networks, geography and the survival of the firm
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of Evolutionary Economics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0936-9937 .- 1432-1386. ; 29:4, s. 1173-1209
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Prior studies show that the success of firms in industrial clusters is the result of two main reasons; the transfer of knowledge and routines from parent firms to spinoffs that locate in the same locality, and the returns from co-location of firms. While previous research has largely inferred the presence of parent-spinoff networks, few studies have measured them. Furthermore, the lack of geographic precision has led to conflicting results for evidence of returns from location, as the gains from geographic proximity may not always be linear. This paper introduces network measurement and a refined geographic measure to separate these two respective channels of knowledge transfer, and analyzes their impact on firm survival (as a proxy for firm success). It is found that the gains with respect to location are nonlinear. Furthermore, a firm’s historical links formed through parent-spinoff linkages have a significant impact on survival, which differ depending on the motivations of the entrepreneur. Moreover, these channels of knowledge are complementary in nature.
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| 2. |
- Carlsson, Bo, et al.
(författare)
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The Swedish industrial support program of the 1970s revisited
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of evolutionary economics. - : Springer. - 0936-9937 .- 1432-1386. ; 28:4, s. 805-835
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The economy-wide dynamic cost-benefit study of the Swedish industrial subsidy program 1976 through 1984 (Carlsson et al. Res Policy 10(43):336-354 1981; Carlsson J Ind Econ 32(1):9-14, 1983a, b) is revisited in light of later economic development. Since the Swedish Micro to Macro model (Eliasson Am Econ Rev 67(1):277-281 1977a, 2017a) was used for quantification, this article is both (1) a study on the calibration of high dimensional micro-based and nonlinear economic systems models, and (2) a post inquiry into the empirical credibility of the cost-benefit calculations performed. We find that the Micro-based Macro model represents the minimum of detailed resolution necessary for the dynamic cost benefit calculations of the micro interventions in the Swedish economy we study. Even though the increased model complexity meant significant parameter calibration difficulties, a thoroughly researched model specification with exactly defined policy interfaces (with the markets of the economy) should take priority over parameter estimation problems, and always be preferred to estimating the parameters of a wrongly specified model perfectly. The oil price shocks of the 1970s caused radical market disorder in the western economies, bankrupting some 35% of Swedish manufacturing and threatening the Swedish government with massive unemployment. We confirm the earlier results that the government choice of a radical employment rescue policy came at enormous social cost in the form of economic stagnation, and still did not prevent the unemployment of the rest of OECD Europe from hitting Sweden a decade later, and persisting well into the next millennium. According to an alternative simulated policy scenario on the model, had the subsidies been replaced with a general lowering of the payroll tax of the same magnitude and the consequent increase in unemployment taken immediately during 1976-1980, production structures would have been radically and rapidly reorganized, normal employment would have been rapidly restored, and neither the stagnation nor the radical increase in unemployment of the early 1990s would have occurred. In retrospect we see no reason to worry about the empirical credibility of this computed dynamic trade off between Keynesian demand and Schumpeterian supply effects (caused by resource reallocations and endogenous structural change due to the price change), as we did then. We conclude with certainty that this trade-off would not even have been discovered as a possibility had we used a traditional model that did not embody these micro-macro linkages.
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| 3. |
- Eliasson, Gunnar
(författare)
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The incomplete Schumpeter Stockholm School connection
- 2015
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Ingår i: Journal of evolutionary economics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0936-9937 .- 1432-1386. ; 25:1, s. 45-56
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- During the early post WWII years Walrasian minded static equilibrium economists managed to disconnect a promising merge of Schumpeterian and Swedish School economics, and for decades more or less block the development of evolutionary dynamics. This paper is a fresh start of what should then have been done. I link my discussion to Loasby's (1998) two forms of coordination failure of; (1) failure of economists to model the coordination of an economy "out of equilibrium" and (2) failure of economists of competing schools to understand and benefit from each other. I find that 2 may explain 1.
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| 4. |
- Erixon, Lennart, et al.
(författare)
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Is the psychology of high profits detrimental to industrial renewal? Experimental evidence for the theory of transformation pressure
- 2015
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Ingår i: Journal of evolutionary economics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0936-9937 .- 1432-1386. ; 25:2, s. 475-511
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The theory of transformation pressure maintains, by reference to cognitive and emotional factors, that productivity and innovation are stimulated by a decline in actual profits. In periods of increasing profits, firms governed by historical relativism, the peak-end rule and overconfidence will opt for the status quo. In the following profit recession, actors become more alert, calculating and creative, favoring a transformation, especially if they fear that the survival of the firm is at stake. The theory of transformation pressure was tested by a within-subjects experiment where undergraduate students in macroeconomics acted as managers for an established company. The role play sheds light on the students' investment strategy choices and underlying psychological perceptions under varying profit conditions. The theory was only partly confirmed by the experiment. There are arguments in industrial economics, psychology and neuroscience for a qualified theory of transformation pressure. Productivity is enhanced by moderate pressure or by periodic shifts between hard pressure and good opportunity.
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| 5. |
- Koster, Sierdjan, et al.
(författare)
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When is your experience valuable? Occupation-industry transitions and self-employment success
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of Evolutionary Economics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0936-9937 .- 1432-1386. ; 28:2, s. 265-286
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The literature on employee spinoffs has, for a long time, stressed the importance of industry-specific skills and experiences in explaining the success of new firms. We argue that employees also develop skills that are associated with their occupation within an industry, and that success as an entrepreneur, therefore, is also contingent on the relation between the entrepreneurs’ previous occupation and the industry in which they operate as self-employed. Using matched employer-employee data, we develop a measure, occupational spin-offs, that accounts for this relation. An occupational spin-off is defined as a start-up in the most common industry, given the previous occupation of the founder. We then show that entrepreneurs starting occupational spinoffs enjoy above average income from self-employment and have longer spells as business owners.
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| 6. |
- McKelvey, Maureen, 1965, et al.
(författare)
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Firms navigating through innovation spaces: A conceptualization of how firms search and perceive technological, market and productive opportunities globally
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of evolutionary economics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0936-9937 .- 1432-1386. ; 26:4, s. 785-802
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper focuses upon how to help explain how and why firms differential abilities to ‘navigate’ through three dimensions of innovation spaces influence their ability to recognize opportunities, and therefore, in longer run, be able to compete and generate aggregate economic growth. This paper is an initial step in developing this understanding. This paper therefore uses elements of existing theoretical and empirical understanding in a new combination, in order to propose a new synthetic conceptualisation of the innovation process in firms as the navigation of a complex space involving different types of opportunities. Empirically, these topics are increasingly important to both firms and economies, due to the globalization of all types of business activities – from research and development through production, service and customers.Globalization thus also requires a more complex theoretical understanding of how such interdependencies and interrelatedness affect firms, and the observation that firms struggle with search and opportunities on a global scale prompted this line of research to better conceptualize the processes.
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| 7. |
- Niosi, Jorge, et al.
(författare)
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Relating Business Model Innovations and Innovation Cascades: The Case of Biotechnology
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of evolutionary economics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0936-9937 .- 1432-1386. ; 28:5, s. 1081-1109
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article conceptualizes innovation as a process, where the scientific and industrial application of technological knowledge nurtures new routines and institutions, and therefore relates business model innovations to innovation cascades. Innovation in science-based, high-tech sectors is changing its tempo, from the evolutionary pace of incremental novelties punctuated by occasional radical novelties, to innovation cascades. These cascades involve a long series of interlinked radical innovations, which can be traced through various scientific and technological indicators like patents and publications. Innovation cascades are relevant to industry, because they make the future less predictable. They are particularly interesting because these changes also enable the testing of an abundance of new business models. Innovation cascades have a major impact on the number and sustainability of business models and on strategy. Business model innovations are visible not only in the existing organizations that undergo change, but also new organizational models appear. The case of biotechnology after the 1980s is used to illustrate our conceptualization.
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| 8. |
- Taalbi, Josef
(författare)
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Development blocks in innovation networks : The Swedish manufacturing industry, 1970–2007
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of Evolutionary Economics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0936-9937 .- 1432-1386. ; 27:3, s. 461-501
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The notion of development blocks (Dahmén, 1950, 1991) suggests the co-evolution of technologies and industries through complementarities and the overcoming of imbalances. This study proposes and applies a methodology to analyse development blocks empirically. To assess the extent and character of innovational interdependencies between industries the study combines analysis of innovation biographies and statistical network analysis. This is made possible by using data from a newly constructed innovation output database for Sweden. The study finds ten communities of closely related industries in which innovation activity has been prompted by the emergence of technological imbalances or by the exploitation of new technological opportunities. The communities found in the Swedish network of innovation are shown to be stable over time and often characterized by strong user-supplier interdependencies. These findings serve to stress how historical imbalances and opportunities are key to understanding the dynamics of the long-run development of industries and new technologies.
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