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- Granfeldt, Y., et al.
(författare)
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An in vitro procedure based on chewing to predict metabolic response to starch in cereal and legume products
- 1992
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Ingår i: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. - 0954-3007. ; 46:9, s. 649-660
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A new method for measuring the rate of in-vitro starch digestion in products with a structure 'as eaten' is introduced. An equivalent amount of potentially available starch from each product was chewed by subjects, expectorated into a beaker and incubated with pepsin. The incubate was thereafter transferred to a dialysis tubing and incubated with pancreatic α-amylase for 3 h. Samples were removed from the dialysate at time intervals and the degree of hydrolysis was calculated as the proportion of the potentially available starch degraded to maltose. A hydrolysis index (HI) was calculated as the area under the hydrolysis curve with the product as a percentage of the corresponding area with white wheat bread. The method was applied to 21 cereal and legume products, chosen to cover as wide a range as possible with respect to metabolic response, and to include several of the proposed mechanisms to differences in metabolic behaviour of starch. The accuracy of the in-vitro method was evaluated versus the metabolic responses obtained with the same products in healthy subjects. A significant correlation between HI and glycaemic index (GI) was obtained in cereal as well as in legume products. A significant correlation was also obtained between HI and insulin index (II) with pooled data from all products. However, in the case of II no correlation was obtained with the legume products only. It is concluded that the presently described in-vitro procedure offers a good potential to predict the metabolic behaviour of starchy foods.
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- Gustafsson, K., et al.
(författare)
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Dose-response effects of boiled carrots and effects of carrots in lactic acid in mixed meals on glycaemic response and satiety
- 1994
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Ingår i: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. - 0954-3007. ; 48:6, s. 386-396
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: To evaluate the effect of dosage on the metabolic response to vegetables added to a mixed lunch meal, and to relate the amounts to the tripartite plate model. Carrots were chosen as an example, and the carrots were blanched, frozen and boiled to include possible effects of processing and cooking. The effects of carrots steeped in lactic acid, as produced at fermentation, were also studied. Design: The test meals with carrots, and the control meal without vegetables, were balanced regarding energy (2000 kJ) and digestible carbohydrates (60 g) and similar in fat (17 g) and protein (16-19 g) content. The carrot portions of 100, 200 and 300 g contained 2.9, 5.8 and 8.7 g dietary fibre respectively. The meals were served in the morning after an overnight fast and in random order. Blood samples for the analysis of blood glucose, plasma insulin and C-peptide were collected and satiety was graded until 210 min postprandially. Setting: The study was performed at the research laboratory, Dalby Health Sciences Centre (primary care). Subjects: The 10 healthy, male volunteers, around 40 years of age, were recruited at random from the district's population list. None dropped out. Results: The larger the carrot portion the lower were the glucose and insulin/C-peptide responses and the higher the satiety scores. The minimum amount causing significant effects was 200 g. According to the plate model, 200 g of boiled carrots was the most that could be included on half the plate. Addition of lactic acid to 200 g carrots augmented the effects on satiety scores and hormonal response. Conclusions: The addition of generous amounts of vegetables to a mixed meal improves the metabolic response.
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| 4. |
- Gustafsson, K, et al.
(författare)
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Effects of different vegetables in mixed meals on glucose homeostasis and satiety
- 1993
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Ingår i: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. - 0954-3007. ; 47:3, s. 192-200
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Different vegetables--carrots, peas, Brussels sprouts and spinach--were added to a typical Swedish lunch test meal in portions of 96-164 g. The test and the control meals without vegetables were balanced with respect to digestible carbohydrates (59.7 g) and energy (2000 kJ, 475 kcal), and as far as possible also concerning protein and fat. The added vegetables contained 4.4 g dietary fibre. The meals were prepared by microwave heating and served in the morning after an overnight fast to 10 healthy, male volunteers. Postprandial blood glucose, plasma insulin and C-peptide levels were measured at regular intervals until 210 min. The satiety was graded on a simple scale of 1-10. The meal with spinach elicited significantly lower insulin and C-peptide responses than the control meal, but no significant differences in glucose response or satiety were observed. The other vegetables tested showed no significant effects either on glucose and hormonal responses or on satiety.
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- Nilsson, Anders, 1958, et al.
(författare)
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Hormonal regulation of longitudinal bone growth.
- 1994
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Ingår i: European journal of clinical nutrition. - 0954-3007. ; 48 Suppl 1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The regulation of postnatal somatic growth is complex. Genetic, nutritional factors and hormones exert regulatory functions. Hormones that have an established role in the regulation include growth hormone (GH), thyroid hormone and sex steroids. GH promotes mainly the growth of the long bones in terms of final height, while the action of the sex steroids and thyroid hormone is less well known. Longitudinal bone growth is the result of chondrocyte proliferation and subsequent endochondral ossification in the epiphyseal growth-plates. The growth-plate is a cartilaginous template that is located between the epiphysis and the metaphysis of the long bones. GH and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) have different target cells in the epiphyseal growth-plate. GH stimulates the slowly dividing prechondrocytes in the germinative cell layer while IGF-I promotes the clonal expansion in the proliferative cell layer of a GH primed cell. Thyroid hormone blocks the clonal expansion and stimulates chondrocyte maturation. IGF-I mRNA is primarily regulated by GH, and IGF-I is produced in several tissues such as the liver, muscle, fat and epiphyseal growth plates. However, IGF-I mRNA is also increased during compensatory growth of heart and kidneys and by estrogen in the Fallopian tube in the rat. Nutrition, i.e. energy from fat and carbohydrates and proteins, also influences the final height, but the cellular mechanism of action is not known. The aim of this article is to review hormonal action on longitudinal bone growth.
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