| 1. |
- Börjesson, Pål, et al.
(författare)
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Biomass Transportation
- 1996
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Ingår i: Renewable Energy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0960-1481. ; 9:1-4, s. 1033-1036, s. 1033-1036
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Extensive utilisation of logging residues, straw, and energy crops will lead to short transportation distances and thus low transportation costs. The average distance of transportation of biomass to a large-scale conversion plant, suitable for electricity or methanol production using 300 000 dry tonne biomass yearly, will be about 30 km in Sweden, if the conversion plant is located at the centre of the biomass production area. The estimated Swedish biomass potential of 430 PJ/yr is based on production conditions around 2015, assuming that 30% of the available arable land is used for energy crop production. With present production conditions, resulting in a biomass potential of 220 PJ/yr, the transportation distance is about 42 km. The cost of transporting biomass 30-42 km will be equivalent to 20-25% of the total biomass cost. The total energy efficiency of biomass production and transportation will be 95-97%, where the energy losses from transportation are about 20%. Biomass transportation will contribute less than 10% to the total NOx, CO, and HC emissions from biomass production, transportation, and conversion.
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| 2. |
- Gustavsson, Leif, et al.
(författare)
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Biomass Utilisation and Transportation Demands
- 1996
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Ingår i: Renewable Energy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0960-1481. ; 9:1-4, s. 1037-1040
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The need for biomass transportation depends on the balance between locally produced biomass and the local demand for fuel. In Sweden, more than 80% of the biomass assumed to be required to replace fossil fuels for the production of electricity and heat can be produced locally within each county, if biomass is extensively utilised. The average transportation distance of the remaining 20% will be between 100 and 200 km, which increases the cost of this biomass by 15–20%. Considering a yearly biomass potential of 430 PJ, based on estimated biomass production conditions around 2015, 190 PJ/yr excess biomass will remain after fossil fuels for electricity and heat production have been replaced. This biomass can be converted to methanol to replace petrol and diesel, or can be used in new electricity production plants. The production of biomass-based methanol will not lead to a high demand for transportation, as the methanol produced from local biomass and can mainly be used locally. Biomass used for electricity production will increase the need for transportation if electricity is cogenerated in district heating systems, as such systems are usually located in densely populated areas with a deficit of biomass.
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| 3. |
- Langniss, Ole
(författare)
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Instruments to foster renewable energy investments in Europe
- 1996
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Ingår i: Renewable Energy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0960-1481. ; 9:1-4, s. 1112-1115
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Since capital needs are high when investing in Renewable Energy Technologies (RET), well adapted financial schemes are essential, including well fitted financial support. Supporting the dissemination of RET means supporting people, not technologies. Though, support mechanism have to be adapted to people not to technologies. A recent study for the European Parliament compares support mechanisms for RET in several European countries by describing case studies. Six different investor types can be identified, each one standing for a specific amalgam of motivation, energy needs, financial possibilities and risk-averse. Each of these types has its specific importance for different RET and different stages of RET's market penetration. Also the size of the market for RET, represented by each investor type, is different.
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| 4. |
- Granqvist, C. G., et al.
(författare)
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Progress in Smart Windows Research: Improved Electrochromic W Oxide Films and Transparent Ti-Ce Oxide Counter Electrodes
- 1996
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Ingår i: Renewable energy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0960-1481 .- 1879-0682. ; 8:1-4, s. 97-106
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We review recent work on sputter deposited W-oxide-based films. Improved electrochemical durability was obtained by electron bombardment during deposition, and enhanced coloration/bleaching dynamics was obtained by fluorination. Spectrally resolved scattering measurements indicated that haze levels ≪ 1 % could be reached. Oblique angle deposition could yield angular selectivity. New results are given for sputtered Ti-Ce oxide films, showing their capacity as counter electrodes in transparent electrochromic devices.
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| 5. |
- Granqvist, CG
(författare)
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Progress in solar energy materials: Examples of work at Uppsala University
- 1998
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Ingår i: RENEWABLE ENERGY. - : PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD. - 0960-1481. ; 15:1-4, s. 243-250
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The radiation prevailing in our natural surroundings is used to introduce the desired properties of solar energy materials for various heating and cooling applications. Some recent data are reported for sol-gel-produced antireflection coatings, solar
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| 6. |
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