| 1. |
- Börjesson, Pål
(författare)
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Energy Analysis of Biomass Production and Transportation
- 1996
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Ingår i: Biomass & Bioenergy. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-2909 .- 0961-9534. ; 11:4, s. 305-318
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Energy efficiency in the production and transportation of different kinds of biomass in Sweden has been analysed, as well as the change in energy efficiency in a transition from fossil-fuel-based to biomass-based systems. Net energy yields under current production conditions were found to be highest for short-rotation forest (Salix) and sugar beet (about 160 to 170 GJ ha-1 year-1), followed by ley crops (110 to 140 GJ ha-1 year-1), and rape, wheat, and potatoes (50 to 90 GJ ha-1 year-1). The energy input per unit biomass produced is lowest for straw, logging residues and Salix, equal to 4 to 5% of the energy output. Corresponding figures for perennial ley crops are 7 to 10% and for annual crops 15 to 35%. Salix chips can be transported by truck about 250 km before the transportation energ is equal to the production energy. Corresponding distances for tractor, train and boat (coastal shipping) are about 100 km, 500 km and 1000 km, respectively. It is estimated that future increases in yield and technological development will almost double net energy yields for dedicated energy crops within the next two decades. A transition from a fossil-fuel-based energy system to a CO2-neutral biomass-based system around the year 2015 is estimated to increase the energy input in biomass production and transportation by about 30 to 45%, resulting in a decreased net energy output of about 4%.
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| 2. |
- Börjesson, Pål, et al.
(författare)
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Future Production and Utilisation of Biomass in Sweden: Potentials and CO2 Mitigation
- 1997
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Ingår i: Biomass & Bioenergy. - 1873-2909 .- 0961-9534. ; 13:6, s. 399-412
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Swedish biomass production potential could be increased significantly if new production methods, such as optimised fertilisation, were to be used. Optimised fertilisation on 25% of Swedish forest land and the use of stem wood could almost double the biomass potential from forestry compared with no fertilisation, as both logging residues and large quantities of excess stem wood not needed for industrial purposes could be used for energy purposes. Together with energy crops and straw from agriculture, the total Swedish biomass potential would be about 230 TWh/yr or half the current Swedish energy supply if the demand for stem wood for building and industrial purposes were the same as today. The new production methods are assumed not to cause any significant negative impact on the local environment. The cost of utilising stem wood produced with optimised fertilisation for energy purposes has not been analysed and needs further investigation. Besides replacing fossil fuels and, thus, reducing current Swedish CO2 emissions by about 65%, this amount of biomass is enough to produce electricity equivalent to 20% of current power production. Biomass-based electricity is produced preferably through co-generation using district heating systems in densely populated regions, and pulp industries in forest regions. Alcohols for transportation and stand-alone power production are preferably produced in less densely populated regions with excess biomass. A high intensity in biomass production would reduce biomass transportation demands. There are uncertainties regarding the future demand for stem wood for building and industrial purposes, the amount of arable land available for energy crop production and future yields. These factors will influence Swedish biomass potential and earlier estimates of the potential vary from 15 to 125 TWh/yr.
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| 3. |
- Gabra, Mohamed, et al.
(författare)
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Development of a sugar cane residue feeding system for a cyclone gasifier
- 1998
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Ingår i: Biomass and Bioenergy. - 0961-9534 .- 1873-2909. ; 15:2, s. 143-153
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- For the smooth and continuous operation of a cyclone gasifier, the fuel must be fed continuously and without interruption or large fluctuations. A feeding system for bagasse/cane trash powder was therefore designed, built and tested. It consisted of a feeding bin with four feeder screws in the bottom which deliver the fuel to two downcomers from which the fuel is injected by steam into the gasifier. During the first tests, the low bulk density and cohesive characteristics of a crushed bagasse/cane trash powder were found to cause an accumulation of the fuel in the feeding system, creating difficulties for the flow into the gasifier. In addition, once the flow of the crushed bagasse/cane trash powder is interrupted by a build-up in the downcomer channels, the crushed bagasse/cane trash powder becomes progressively compacted into a dense structure, resulting in blockage of the discharge. It was found possible to eliminate this problem by changing the shape of the slivers of the crushed bagasse/cane trash powder to render them more homogeneous. This was achieved by pelletizing the crushed bagasse or cane trash before grinding it to powder.
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| 4. |
- Joppich, A., et al.
(författare)
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Wood powder feeding, difficulties and solutions
- 1999
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Ingår i: Biomass and Bioenergy. - 0961-9534 .- 1873-2909. ; 16:3, s. 191-198
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A pneumatic fuel feeding system for wood powder fired gas turbines was incorporated at the Vienna University of Technology. One of the most important requirements of fuel feeding is a very homogeneous mass flow of wood powder. Therefore, the performance of the mechanical conveying part of the feeding system has been studied experimentally at flow rates corresponding to the operation range. Beside screw feeding, a vibrator is used to homogenize the flow rate. While the screw feeder shows large fluctuations, the vibrator conveyer reduces them considerably. The tests also show that for each flow rate a certain optimum amplitude of the vibrator exists at which the fluctuations reach a minimum. Furthermore, a linear function is observed between optimum oscillation amplitude and feeding rate.
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| 5. |
- Lagerkvist, Anders
(författare)
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Landfill gas activity of the IEA bioenergy agreement
- 1995
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Ingår i: Biomass and Bioenergy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0961-9534 .- 1873-2909. ; 9:1-5, s. 399-413
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Landfill gas (LFG) is a renewable source of useful energy. Its world wide annual energy potential is in the range of a few hundred TWh. Today it is only marginally exploited. LFG is also an important contributor to the atmospheres CH4-content, it can be estimated to contribute about 25% of the methane coming from anthropogenic sources. In comparison to many other sources of methane emissions such as peat bogs, rice paddies, termites and sheep, landfills can be considered to be point sources, i.e. they are stationary and of limited extension. For this reason landfill gas (LFG) utilisation is one of the most cost effective ways to combat the greenhouse effect. The aim of the IEA activity on LFG is to promote information exchange and co-operation between national programmes in order to promote the proliferation of landfill gas utilisation. During the period 1992–1994 the LFG activity has had six participating countries: Canada, Denmark, Norway, The Netherlands, Sweden, UK and USA. In the past three-year period, the activity has been mainly directed towards establishing networks and obtaining an over-view of data related to LFG in the member countries. Numerous contacts have been established and perhaps of most importance for the future of the activity are the links towards organisations involved in the development of landfill technology, such as ISWA and SWANA. The gathering and evaluation of data within the LFG area from the member countries has resulted in a number of documents that are to be published within the near future. These documents cover information on LFG utilisation, landfill research, landfill gas potentials, landfill emission assessment and also non-technical barriers to LFG utilisation.
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| 6. |
- Mamma, D., et al.
(författare)
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An alternative approach to the bioconversion of sweet sorghum carbohydrates to ethanol
- 1995
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Ingår i: Biomass and Bioenergy. - 0961-9534 .- 1873-2909. ; 8:2, s. 99-103
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The ethanol fermentation of juice and press cake, resulting from the squeezing of sweet sorghum stalks at high pressure, was investigated. The juice was fermented by Saccharomyces cerevisiae and yielded 4.8 g ethanol per 100 g of fresh stalks. The press cake was fermented directly to ethanol by a mixed culture of Fusarium oxysporum and Saccharomyces cerevisiae and yielded 5.1 g ethanol per 100 g of fresh stalks. An overall ethanol concentration and yield of 5.6% (w/v) and 9.9 g of ethanol per 100 g of fresh stalks respectively was obtained. Based on soluble carbohydrates, the ethanol yield from press cake was doubled while the overall theoretical yield was enhanced by 20.7% due to the bioconversion of a significant portion of cell wall polysaccharides to ethanol. The process was found promising for further investigation.
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| 7. |
- Natarajan, E, et al.
(författare)
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Experimental determination of bed agglomeration tendencies of some common agricultural residues in fluidized bed combustion and gasification
- 1998
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Ingår i: Biomass and Bioenergy. - 0961-9534 .- 1873-2909. ; 15:2, s. 163-169
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Ever increasing energy demand and the polluting nature of existing fossil fuel energy sources demonstrate the need for other non-polluting and renewable sources of energy. The agricultural residues available in abundance in many countries can be used for power generation. The fluidized bed technology seems to be suitable for converting a wide range of agricultural residues into energy, due to its inherent advantages of fuel flexibility, low operating temperature and isothermal operating condition. The major ash-related problem encountered in fluidized beds is bed agglomeration which, in the worst case, may result in total defluidization and unscheduled downtime. The initial agglomeration temperature for some common tropical agricultural residues were experimentally determined by using a newly developed method based on the controlled fluidized bed agglomeration test. The agricultural residues chosen for the study were rice husk, bagasse, cane trash and olive flesh. The results showed that the initial agglomeration temperatures were less than the initial deformation temperature predicted by the ASTM standard ash fusion tests for all fuels considered. The initial agglomeration temperatures of rice husk and bagasse were more than 1000°C. The agglomeration of cane trash and olive flesh was encountered at relatively low temperatures and their initial agglomeration temperatures in gasification were lower than those in combustion with both bed materials. The use of lime as bed material instead of quartz improved the agglomeration temperature of cane trash and olive flesh in combustion and decreased the same in gasification. The results indicate that rice husk and bagasse can be used in the fluidized bed for energy generation since their agglomeration temperatures are sufficiently high.
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| 8. |
- Natarajan, E., et al.
(författare)
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Overview of combustion and gasification of rice husk in fluidized bed reactors
- 1998
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Ingår i: Biomass and Bioenergy. - 0961-9534 .- 1873-2909. ; 14, s. 533-546
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Rice is cultivated in more than 75 countries in the world. The rice husk is the outer cover of the rice and on average it accounts for 20% of the paddy produced, on weight basis. The worldwide annual husk output is about 80 million tonnes with an annual energy potential of 1.2 x 10 9 GJ corresponding to a heating value of 15 MJ/kg. India alone generates about 22 million tonnes of rice husk per year. If an efficient method is available, the husk can be converted to a useful form of energy to meet the thermal and mechanical energy requirements of the rice mills themselves. This paper provides an overview of previous works on combustion and gasification of rice husk in atmospheric bubbling fluidized bed reactors and summarizes the state of the art knowledge. As the high ash content, low bulk density, poor flow characteristics and low ash melting point makes the other types of reactors like grate furnaces and downdraft gasifiers either inefficient or unsuitable for rice husk conversion to energy, the fluidized bed reactor seems to be the promising choice. The overview shows that the reported results are from only small bench or lab scale units. Although a combustion efficiency of about 800 can normally be attained; the reported values in the literature, which are more than 95%, seem to be in higher order. Combustion intensity of about 530 kg/h/m 2 is reported. It is also technically feasible to gasify rice husk in a fluidized bed reactor to yield combustible producer gas, even with sufficient heating value for application in internal combustion engines. A combustible gas with heating value of 4-6 MJ/Nm 3 at a rate of 2.8-4.6 MW(th)/m 2 seems to be possible. Only very little information is available on the pollutant emissions in combustion and tar emissions from gasification. The major conclusion is that the results reported in the literature are limited and vary widely, emphasizing the need for further research to establish suitable and optimum operating conditions for commercial implementations.The combustion and gasification of rice husks in atmospheric bubbling fluidized bed reactors are studied. The rice husks are gasified in the bed reactor to yield combustible producer gas, even with sufficient heating value for application in internal combustion engines. A combustible gas with heating value of 4-6 MJ/Nm 3 at a rate of 2.8-4.6 MW th/m 2 is possible.
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| 9. |
- Tarantili, P.A., et al.
(författare)
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Cross-synergism in enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosics : Mathematical correlations according to a hyperbolic model
- 1996
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Ingår i: Biomass and Bioenergy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0961-9534 .- 1873-2909. ; 10:4, s. 213-219
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The effect of cross-synergism in enzymatic hydrolysis of ball-milled Avicell, alkali-treated straw cellulose (ATSC), cotton and filter paper was investigated using mixtures of Fusarium oxysporum and Neurospora crassa enzymes. The experimental data were fitted according to an empirical hyperbolic model which utilized two parameters, the maximum conversion (xmax) and the enzymatic hydrolysis time corresponding to 50% of xmax (). The model can predict conversion of polysaccharides as a function of hydrolysis time. Both model parameters were found to be strongly dependent on the crystallinity index as well as on the degree of delignification of the substrate. Up to 60% cellulose hydrolysis can be achieved when the crystallinity index of Avicell is reduced from 94.8% to 63.3%. The percentage increase of xmax due to delignification was higher than the corresponding increase of . The extent of cross-synergism depends strongly on crystallinity index and degree of delignification. This type of synergism has been found to be significant in the case of substrates which are resistant to hydrolysis, such as Avicell (with high crystallinity index) or cotton. Cross-synergistic phenomena caused by enzymatic mixtures can double cellulose hydrolysis yield with delignified straw as compared to the hydrolysis yields achieved by single-microorganism cellulases.
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| 10. |
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