| 1. |
- Björk, Göran, 1956, et al.
(författare)
-
Flow of Canadian Basin Deep Water in the Western Eurasian Basin of the Arctic Ocean
- 2010
-
Ingår i: Deep Sea Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0967-0637 .- 1879-0119. ; 57:4, s. 577-586
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The LOMROG 2007 expedition targeted the previously unexplored southern part of the Lomonosov Ridge north of Greenland together with a section from the Morris Jesup Rise to Gakkel Ridge. The oceanographic data shows that Canadian Basin Deep Water (CBDW) passes the Lomonosov Ridge in the area of the Intra Basin close to the North Pole and then continues along the ridge towards Greenland and further along its northernmost continental slope. The CBDW is clearly evident as a salinity maximum and oxygen minimum at a depth of about 2000 m. The cross slope sections at the Amundsen Basin side of the Lomonosov Ridge and further south at the Morris Jesup Rise show a sharp frontal structure higher up in the water column between Makarov Basin water and Amundsen Basin water. The frontal structure continues upward into the Atlantic Water up to a depth of about 300 m. The observed water mass division at levels well above the ridge crest indicates a strong topographic steering of the flow and that different water masses tend to pass the ridge guided by ridge-crossing isobaths at local topographic heights and depressions. A rough scaling analysis shows that the extremely steep and sharply turning bathymetry of the Morris Jesup Rise may force the boundary current to separate and generate deep eddies.
|
|
| 2. |
- Gustafsson, Örjan, et al.
(författare)
-
Th-234-derived surface export fluxes of POC from the Northern Barents Sea and the Eurasian sector of the Central Arctic Ocean
- 2012
-
Ingår i: Deep Sea Research Part I. - : Elsevier BV. - 0967-0637 .- 1879-0119. ; 68, s. 1-11
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Settling-based surface ocean export of particulate organic carbon (POC) in the western Eurasian sector of the Arctic Ocean was investigated from the marginal ice zone (MIZ) of the northern Barents Sea to the North Pole area. Upper ocean profiles of POC were combined with corresponding dissolved and particulate Th-234 activities measured with a low-volume at-sea direct beta counting protocol to constrain the Th-234-derived POC export in July and August of 2001 to 6-32 mmol m(-2) d(-1) for the Barents Sea MIZ dropping to 2-6 mmol m(-2) d(-1) for multi-year-ice (MYI) covered central Arctic stations in Nansen, Amundsen and Makarov basins. Secular equilibrium between Th-234 and U-238 activities in intermediate to deep waters in the Amundsen Basin (n=10) demonstrated that the at-sea measurement protocol was functioning satisfactorily. There was no distinction in POC export efficiency between the MIZ and the MYI-covered interior basins with an average ratio between Th-234-derived POC export and primary production (so-called ThE ratio) of 44%. A projected increase in primary production with retreat in areal extent of sea ice is thus likely to yield increased POC sequestration in the Arctic Ocean interior.
|
|
| 3. |
- Henry, L. A., et al.
(författare)
-
Global ocean conveyor lowers extinction risk in the deep sea
- 2014
-
Ingår i: Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers. - : Elsevier BV. - 0967-0637 .- 1879-0119. ; 88, s. 8-16
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- General paradigms of species extinction risk are urgently needed as global habitat loss and rapid climate change threaten Earth with what could be its sixth mass extinction. Using the stony coral Lophelia pertusa as a model organism with the potential for wide larval dispersal, we investigated how the global ocean conveyor drove an unprecedented post-glacial range expansion in Earth's largest biome, the deep sea. We compiled a unique ocean-scale dataset of published radiocarbon and uranium-series dates of fossil corals, the sedimentary protactinium-thorium record of Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) strength, authigenic neodymium and lead isotopic ratios of circulation pathways, and coral biogeography, and integrated new Bayesian estimates of historic gene flow. Our compilation shows how the export of Southern Ocean and Mediterranean waters after the Younger Dryas 11.6 kyr ago simultaneously triggered two dispersal events in the western and eastern Atlantic respectively. Each pathway injected larvae from refugia into ocean currents powered by a re-invigorated AMOC that led to the fastest postglacial range expansion ever recorded, covering 7500 km in under 400 years. In addition to its role in modulating global climate, our study illuminates how the ocean conveyor creates broad geographic ranges that lower extinction risk in the deep sea. (C) 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
|
|
| 4. |
- Iversen, Morten Hvitfeldt, et al.
(författare)
-
High resolution profiles of vertical particulate organic matter export off Cape Blanc, Mauritania : Degradation processes and ballasting effects
- 2010
-
Ingår i: Deep Sea Research Part I. - : Elsevier BV. - 0967-0637 .- 1879-0119. ; 57:6, s. 771-784
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Vertical carbon fluxes between the surface and 2500 m depth were estimated from in situ profiles of particle size distributions and abundances me/asured off Cape Blanc (Mauritania) related to deep ocean sediment traps. Vertical mass fluxes off Cape Blanc were significantly higher than recent global estimates in the open ocean. The aggregates off Cape Blanc contained high amounts of ballast material due to the presence of coccoliths and fine-grained dust from the Sahara desert, leading to a dominance of small and fast-settling aggregates. The largest changes in vertical fluxes were observed in the surface waters (<250 m), and, thus, showing this site to be the most important zone for aggregate formation and degradation. The degradation length scale (L), i.e. the fractional degradation of aggregates per meter settled, was estimated from vertical fluxes derived from the particle size distribution through the water column. This was compared with fractional remineralization rate of aggregates per meter settled derived from direct ship-board measurements of sinking velocity and small-scale 02 fluxes to aggregates measured by micro-sensors. Microbial respiration by attached bacteria alone could not explain the degradation of organic matter in the upper ocean. Instead, flux feeding from zooplankton organisms was indicated as the dominant degradation process of aggregated carbon in the surface ocean. Below the surface ocean, microbes became more important for the degradation as zooplankton was rare at these depths.
|
|
| 5. |
- Jonasdottir, Sigrun Huld, et al.
(författare)
-
Biological oceanography across the Southern Indian Ocean - basin scale trends in the zooplankton community
- 2013
-
Ingår i: Deep Sea Research Part I. - : Elsevier BV. - 0967-0637 .- 1879-0119. ; 75, s. 16-27
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present a study on the protozooplankton > 5 mu m and copepods larger than 50 mu m at a series of contrasting stations across the Southern Indian Ocean (SIO). Numerically, over 80% of the copepod community across the transect was less than 650 mu m in size, dominated by nauplii, and smaller copepods, while 80% of the biomass (as mg C m(-3)) was larger than 1300 mu m in body length. Predation by the carnivorous copepod Corycaeus sp. was estimated to be able to remove up to 2% d(-1) of the copepods < 1000 mu m in size. By the help of grazing models we estimated that primary producers were mainly grazed upon by ciliates and heterotrophic dinoflagellates (40-80% d(-1) combined) in temperate waters but appendicularians became increasingly important in the tropical waters grazing about 40% of the biomass per day. Despite their high abundance and biomass, copepods contributed less than 20% of the grazing at most stations. Secondary production was low (carbon specific egg production < 0.14 d(-1)) but typical for food limited oligotrophic oceans.
|
|
| 6. |
- Turnewitsch, Robert, et al.
(författare)
-
Recent sediment dynamics in hadal trenches : Evidence for the influence of higher-frequency (tidal, near-inertial) fluid dynamics
- 2014
-
Ingår i: Deep Sea Research Part I. - : Elsevier BV. - 0967-0637 .- 1879-0119. ; 90, s. 125-138
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In addition to high hydrostatic pressure, scarcity of food is viewed as a factor that limits the abundance and activity of heterotrophic organisms at great ocean depths, including hadal trenches. Supply of nutritious food largely relies on the flux of organic-rich particulate matter from the surface ocean. It has been speculated that the shape of hadal trenches helps to 'funnel' particulate matter into the deeper parts of the trench, leading to sediment 'focussing' and improved benthic food supply. Here we investigate for five Northwest Pacific trenches the efficiency of sediment focussing by evaluating ratios of measured (sediment-derived) and expected (water-column-derived) sedimentary inventories of the naturally occurring and radioactive particulate-matter tracer Pb-210(xs). The sites comprise a broad range of surface-ocean productivity and physical-oceanographic regimes. Across the five trench-axis settings the inventory ratio varies between 0.5 and 4.1, with four trench-axis settings having ratios > 1 (sediment focussing) and one trench-axis setting a ratio < 1 (sediment winnowing). Although the fluid- and sediment-dynamical forcing behind sediment focussing remains unclear, this study finds evidence for another mechanism that is superimposed on, and counteracts, the focussing mechanism. This superimposed mechanism is related to higher-frequency (tidal, near-inertial) fluid dynamics. In particular, there is evidence for a strong and negative relation between the intensity of propagating internal tides and the extent of sediment focussing in the trench-axis. The relation can be approximated by a power function and the most intense drop in sediment focussing already occurs at moderate internal-tide intensities. This suggests that propagating internal tides may have a subtle but significant influence on particulate-matter dynamics and food supply in hadal trenches in particular, but possibly also in the deep seas in general. A mechanism for the influence of internal tides on sediment dynamics is proposed.
|
|
| 7. |
- Westerberg, Håkan
(författare)
-
Evidence of marine mammal predation of the European eel. (Anguilla anguilla L.) on its marine migration
- 2014
-
Ingår i: Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers. - : Elsevier BV. - 0967-0637 .- 1879-0119. ; 86, s. 32-38
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Temperature and depth logging tags were implanted into adult eels released on Atlantic west coasts of France and Ireland to study their oceanic migration behavior. For three of the tags, 25 to 256 days after release there was a dramatic rise in temperature from 10 degrees C to 36 degrees C and the dive profile changed from depths of 300-1000 m to repeated ascents to the surface. This indicated that the eels carrying the tags had been eaten by a mammalian predator. Two of the tags had sufficient sampling rate to resolve the dives in detail. They recorded a total of 91 dives to maximum depths of 250-860 m lasting 11-12 min and with surface intervals of 5-7 min. More than two thirds of the dives included a rapid descent from approximately 500 m to 600-700 m. From this we infer that the predator was most likely a deep-diving toothed whale. The dives logged while the tags were inside the predator revealed that the temperature usually decreased during dives, and increased again during surface periods. The temperature drops during dives were probably caused by the ingestion of prey or water. These observations provide insights into the behavior of toothed whales foraging in the mesopelagic zone. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
|
|
| 8. |
- Anderson, Leif G, 1951, et al.
(författare)
-
Arctic ocean shelf–basin interaction: An active continental shelf CO2 pump and its impact on the degree of calcium carbonate solubility
- 2010
-
Ingår i: Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers. - : Elsevier BV. - 0967-0637. ; 57:7, s. 869-879
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Arctic Ocean has wide shelf areas with extensive biological activity including a high primary productivity and an active microbial loop within the surface sediment. This in combination with brine production during sea ice formation result in the decay products exiting from the shelf into the deep basin typically at a depth of about 150 m and over a wide salinity range centered around S 33. We present data from the Beringia cruise in 2005 along a section in the Canada Basin from the continental margin north of Alaska towards the north and from the International Siberian Shelf Study in 2008 (ISSS-08) to illustrate the impact of these processes. The water rich in decay products, nutrients and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), exits the shelf not only from the Chukchi Sea, as has been shown earlier, but also from the East Siberian Sea. The excess of DIC found in the Canada Basin in a depth range of about 50–250 m amounts to 90±40 g C m−2. If this excess is integrated over the whole Canadian Basin the excess equals 320±140×1012 g C. The high DIC concentration layer also has low pH and consequently a low degree of calcium carbonate saturation, with minimum aragonite values of 60% saturation and calcite values just below saturation. The mean age of the waters in the top 300 m was calculated using the transit time distribution method. By applying a future exponential increase of atmospheric CO2 the invasion of anthropogenic carbon into these waters will result in an under-saturated surface water with respect to aragonite by the year 2050, even without any freshening caused by melting sea ice or increased river discharge.
|
|
| 9. |
- Kivimae, Caroline, et al.
(författare)
-
A carbon budget for the Barents Sea
- 2010
-
Ingår i: DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART I-OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH PAPERS. - 0967-0637. ; 57:12, s. 1532-1542
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
|
|
| 10. |
- Rebesco, M., et al.
(författare)
-
Quaternary contourite drifts of the Western Spitsbergen margin
- 2013
-
Ingår i: Deep-Sea Research Part I-Oceanographic Research Papers. - : Elsevier BV. - 0967-0637. ; 79, s. 156-168
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The study of contourite drifts is an increasingly used tool for understanding the climate history of the oceans. In this paper we analyse two contourite drifts along the continental margin west of Spitsbergen, just south of the Fram Strait where significant water mass exchanges impact the Arctic climate. We detail the internal geometry and the morphologic characteristics of the two drifts on the base of multichannel seismic reflection data, sub-bottom profiles and bathymetry. These mounded features, that we propose to name Isfjorden and Bellsund drifts, are located on the continental slope between 1200 and 1800 m depth, whereas the upper slope is characterized by reduced- or non-deposition. The more distinct Isfjorden Drift is about 25 km wide and 45 km long, and over 200 ms TWT thick. We revise the 13 years-long time series of velocity, temperature, and salinity obtained from a mooring array across the Fram Strait. Two distinct current cores are visible in the long-term average. The shallower current core has an average northward velocity of about 20 cm/s, while the deeper bottom current core at about 1450 m depth has an average northward velocity of about 9 cm/s. We consider Norwegian Sea Deep Water episodically ventilated by relatively dense and turbid shelf water from the Barents Sea responsible for the accumulation of the contourites. The onset of the drift growth west of Spitsbergen is inferred to be about 1.3 Ma and related to the Early Pleistocene glacial expansion recorded in the area. The lack of mounded contouritic deposits on the continental slope of the Storfjorden is related to consecutive erosion by glacigenic debris flows. The Isfjorden and Bellsund drifts are inferred to contain the record of the regional palaeoceanography and glacial history and may constitute an excellent target of future scientific drilling. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
|
|
