| 1. |
- Akbarian-Tefaghi, Ladan, et al.
(author)
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Refining the Deep Brain Stimulation Target within the Limbic Globus Pallidus Internus for Tourette Syndrome
- 2017
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In: Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery. - : S. Karger. - 1011-6125 .- 1423-0372. ; 95:4, s. 251-258
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Deep brain stimulation (DBS) in patients with severe, refractory Tourette syndrome (TS) has demonstrated promising but variable results thus far. The thalamus and anteromedial globus pallidus internus (amGPi) have been the most commonly stimulated sites within the cortico-striato thalamic circuit, but an optimal target is yet to be elucidated.OBJECTIVES: This study of 15 patients with long-term amGPi DBS for severe TS investigated whether a specific anatomical site within the amGPi correlated with optimal clinical outcome for the measures of tics, obsessive compulsive behaviour (OCB), and mood.METHODS: Validated clinical assessments were used to measure tics, OCB, quality of life, anxiety, and depression before DBS and at the latest follow-up (17-82 months). Electric field simulations were created for each patient using information on electrode location and individual stimulation parameters. A subsequent regression analysis correlated these patient-specific simulations to percentage changes in outcome measures in order to identify any significant voxels related to clinical improvement.RESULTS: A region within the ventral limbic GPi, specifically on the medial medullary lamina in the pallidum at the level of the AC-PC, was significantly associated with improved tics but not mood or OCB outcome.CONCLUSIONS: This study adds further support to the application of DBS in a tic-related network, though factors such as patient sample size and clinical heterogeneity remain as limitations and replication is required.
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| 2. |
- Akram, Harith, et al.
(author)
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Aim for the Suprasternal Notch : Technical Note to Avoid Bowstringing after Deep Brain Stimulation
- 2015
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In: Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery. - : S. Karger AG. - 1011-6125 .- 1423-0372. ; 93:4, s. 227-230
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: Bowstringing may occur when excessive fibrosis develops around extension cables in the neck after deep brain stimulation (DBS) surgery. Though the occurrence of this phenomenon is rare, we have noted that it tends to cause maximal discomfort when the cables cross superficially over the convexity of the clavicle. We hypothesise that bowstringing may be avoided by directing the extension cables towards the suprasternal notch. Methods: When connecting DBS leads to an infraclavicular pectoral implantable pulse generator (IPG), tunnelling is directed towards the suprasternal I notch, before being directed laterally towards the IPG pocket. In previously operated patients with established fibrosis, the fibrous tunnel is opened and excised as far cranially as possible, allowing medial rerouting of cables. Using this approach, we reviewed our series of patients who underwent DBS surgery over 10 years. Results: In 429 patients, 7 patients (2%) with cables tunnelled over the convexity of the clavicle complaining of bowstringing underwent cable exploration and rerouting. This eliminated bowstringing and provided better cosmetic results. When the cable trajectory was initially directed towards the suprasternal notch, no bowstringing was observed. Conclusion:The tunnelling trajectory appears to influence postoperative incidence of fibrosis associated with DBS cables. Modifying the surgical technique may reduce the incidence of this troublesome adverse event. (C) 2015 S.Karger AG, Basel
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| 3. |
- Bartek, J, et al.
(author)
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Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy as Adjuvant Treatment for Hardware-Related Infections in Neuromodulation
- 2018
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In: Stereotactic and functional neurosurgery. - : S. Karger AG. - 1423-0372 .- 1011-6125. ; 96:2, s. 100-107
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- <b><i>Background:</i></b> In neuromodulation therapies, hardware-related infections are a major challenge often leading to hardware removal. <b><i>Objective:</i></b> To investigate the role of adjuvant hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) in hardware-related infections. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Fourteen hardware-related infection events in 12 consecutive patients between 2002 and 2015 were treated with antibiotics and adjuvant HBOT at the Karolinska University Hospital (Stockholm, Sweden). Two time-independent infection events related to hardware replacements occurred in 2 patients. Infection resolution and the need for hardware removal were assessed. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Twelve out of 14 events of hardware-related infection were successfully treated without hardware removal (86%). The 2 patients treated twice with HBOT on 2 time-independent occasions could retain their hardware in both cases. Hardware was removed following HBOT failure in 2 infection events, with long-term infection control achieved in all patients. Further, an intrathecal pump malfunction caused by HBOT at 2.8 bars was observed, leading to a change in the manufacturer’s guidelines. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> This study indicates a potential benefit of adjuvant HBOT in the treatment of hardware-related infections in neuromodulation, diminishing the need for hardware removal and treatment interruption. Prospective studies are warranted to establish the role of adjuvant HBOT in the treatment of hardware-related infections in neuromodulation.
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| 4. |
- Berntsson, Shala G., 1964-, et al.
(author)
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Inherited Ataxia and Intrathecal Baclofen for the Treatment of Spasticity and Painful Spasms
- 2019
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In: Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery. - : S. Karger AG. - 1011-6125 .- 1423-0372. ; 97:1, s. 18-23
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: Intrathecal baclofen (ITB) treatment is considered a powerful tool in the management of severe spasticity in neurological conditions such as multiple sclerosis, cerebral palsy, and traumatic spinal cord and brain injury.Objectives: The objective of this study was to assess the effectiveness of the ITB in patients with inherited ataxia suffering from severe painful spasms and/or spasticity.Method: A total of 5 patients with spinocerebellar ataxia 3 or 7 or Friedreich's ataxia were included in this observational multicenter study. The patients were interviewed and completed outcome measures assessing pain (The Brief Pain Inventory), fatigue (Fatigue Severity Scale), and life satisfaction (LiSAT-9) before and 1 year after the treatment. Spasticity (Modified Ashworth Scale) and spasm frequency (SPFS) were measured objectively for each patient.Results: The mean treatment time was 1.9 years. Evaluation of established standard forms revealed symptomatic relief from spasticity, spasms, pain, and fatigue in addition to improved body posture, sleep, and life satisfaction after ITB treatment.Conclusions: We report the potential beneficial effects of ITB treatment in patients with inherited ataxia who also suffer from spasticity/spasms. ITB treatment indication in neurological disorders allows for extension to the treatment of spasticity/spasms in patients with hereditary ataxia.
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| 5. |
- Blond, S, et al.
(author)
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Jean Siegfried (1931-2014)
- 2015
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In: Stereotactic and functional neurosurgery. - : S. Karger AG. - 1423-0372 .- 1011-6125. ; 93:2, s. 73-74
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)
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| 6. |
- Fytagoridis, Anders, et al.
(author)
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Deep Brain Stimulation of the Caudal Zona Incerta : Tremor Control in Relation to the Location of Stimulation Fields
- 2016
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In: Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery. - : S. Karger. - 1011-6125 .- 1423-0372. ; 94:6, s. 363-370
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: The caudal zona incerta (cZi) and posterior subthalamic area (PSA) are an emerging deep brain stimulation (DBS) target for essential tremor (ET). Objectives: To evaluate the efficacy of tremor control in relation to the anatomical locations of stimulation fields in 50 patients with ET and DBS of the cZi. Methods: A total of 240 contacts were evaluated separately with monopolar stimulation, and amplitudes were optimized for improvement of tremor and hand function. Stimulation fields, i.e., volumes of neural activation, were simulated for each optimized setting and assembled into probabilistic stimulation maps (PSMs). Results: There were differences in the anatomical distribution of PSMs associated with good versus poor tremor control. The location of PSMs which achieved good and excellent tremor control corresponded well with the PSM for the clinically used settings, and they were located within the superior part of the PSA. Conclusions: PSMs may serve as a useful tool for defining the most efficacious anatomical location of stimulation. The best tremor control in this series of cZi DBS was achieved with stimulation of the superior part of the PSA, which corresponds to the final part of the cerebellothalamic projections before they reach the ventral lateral thalamus.
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| 7. |
- Fytagoridis, Anders, et al.
(author)
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Surgical Replacement of Implantable Pulse Generator in Deep Brain Stimulation : Adverse Events and Risk Factors in a Multicenter Cohort
- 2016
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In: Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery. - : S. Karger AG. - 1011-6125 .- 1423-0372. ; 94:4, s. 235-239
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a growing treatment modality, and most DBS systems require replacement of the implantable pulse generator (IPG) every few years. The literature regarding the potential impact of adverse events of IPG replacement on the longevity of DBS treatments is rather scarce. Objective: To investigate the incidence of adverse events, including postoperative infections, associated with IPG replacements in a multicenter cohort. Methods: The medical records of 808 patients from one Australian and five Swedish DBS centers with a total of 1,293 IPG replacements were audited. A logistic regression model was used to ascertain the influence of possible predictors on the incidence of adverse events. Results: The overall incidence of major infections was 2.3% per procedure, 3.7% per patient and 1.7% per replaced IPG. For 28 of 30 patients this resulted in partial or complete DBS system removal. There was an increased risk of infection for males (OR 3.6, p = 0.026), and the risk of infection increased with the number of prior IPG replacements (OR 1.6, p < 0.005). Conclusions: The risk of postoperative infection with DBS IPG replacement increases with the number of previous procedures. There is a need to reduce the frequency of IPG replacements.
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| 8. |
- Hamel, Wolfgang, et al.
(author)
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The Pioneering and Unknown Stereotactic Approach of Roeder and Orthner from Gottingen. Part I. Surgical Technique for Tailoring Individualized Stereotactic Lesions
- 2016
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In: Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery. - : S. Karger AG. - 1011-6125 .- 1423-0372. ; 94:4, s. 240-253
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- During the 1950s through the 1970s, Hans Orthner and Fritz Roeder, two German neurologists from Gottingen, developed a sophisticated technique to perform functional stereotactic surgery with outstanding accuracy. They introduced direct air ventriculography performed in the same surgical session as the ablative stereotactic procedure. For individualized surgical targeting, Orthner prepared a stereo tactic atlas (>60 brains) with an ingenious brain-slicing device, the Gottinger macrotome. Brains were grouped based on similarity of six different head and ventricle measurements. A brain cluster representing the best match for a patient was selected for stereotactic targeting. Stereotactic lesions were tailored in an individual manner and shaped by stringing together multiple small coagulations following in-traoperative test stimulation. This was achieved from a single probe trajectory by using well-engineered string electrodes with calibrated curving and involved laborious calculations. Only high-frequency thermocoagulation was regarded as appropriate for lesioning. With this meticulous technique, the most advanced stereotactic procedures were performed, including bilateral pallidotomy that ultimately could be restricted to the ansa lenticularis and ventromedial hypothalamotomy, the most delicate stereotactic operation performed to date. Outside Gottingen, this technique has only been used by Prof. Dieter Muller in Hamburg, Germany. This elaborate stereotactic approach is widely unknown and deserves to be discussed in a historical context.
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| 9. |
- Hamel, Wolfgang, et al.
(author)
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The Pioneering and Unknown Stereotactic Approach of Roeder and Orthner from Gottingen. Part II : Long-Term Outcome and Postmortem Analysis of Bilateral Pallidotomy in the Pre-Levodopa Era
- 2018
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In: Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery. - : S. Karger. - 1011-6125 .- 1423-0372. ; 96:6, s. 353-363
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Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Before the advent of levodopa, pallidotomy was initially the most effective treatment for Parkinson disease, but it was soon superseded by thalamotomy. It is widely unknown that, similar to Leksell, 2 neurologists from Gottingen, Orthner and Roeder, perpetuated pallidotomy against the mainstream of their time. Postmortem studies demonstrated that true posterior and ventral pallidoansotomy sparing the overwhelming mass of the pallidum was accomplished. This was due to a unique and individually tailored stereotactic technique even allowing bilateral staged pallidotomies. In 1962, the long-term effects (3-year follow-up on average) of the first 18 out of 36 patients with staged bilateral pallidotomies were reported in great detail. Meticulous descriptions of each case indicate long-term improvements in parkinsonian rigidity and associated pain, as well as posture, gait, and akinesia (e.g., improved repetitive movements and arm swinging). Alleviation of tremor was found to require larger lesions than needed for suppression of rigidity. No improvement in speech, drooling, or seborrhea was observed. By 1962, the team had operated 13 patients with postencephalitic oculogyric crises with remarkable results (mean follow-up: 5 years). They also described alleviation of nonparkinsonian hyperkinetic disorders (e.g., hemiballism and chorea) with pallidotomy. The reported rates for surgical mortality and other complications had been remarkably low, even if compared to those reported after the revival of pallidotomy by Laitinen in the post-levodopa era. This applies also to bilateral pallidotomy performed with a positive risk-benefit ratio that has remained unparalleled to date. The intricate history of pallidotomy for movement disorders is incomplete without an appreciation of the achievements of the Gottingen group.
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| 10. |
- Huotarinen, Antti, et al.
(author)
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Laitinen's Subgenual Cingulotomy : Anatomical Location and Case Report
- 2018
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In: Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery. - : S. Karger. - 1011-6125 .- 1423-0372. ; 96:5, s. 342-346
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: The widespread use of deep brain stimulation (DBS) for movement disorders has renewed the interest in DBS for psychiatric disorders. Lauri Laitinen was a pioneer of stereotactic psychosurgery in the 1950s to 1970s, especially by introducing the subgenual cingulotomy. Our aim here was to verify the anatomical target used by Laitinen, to report on a patient who underwent this procedure, and to review the literature. Materials and Methods: The records of Helsinki University Hospital were searched for psychosurgical cases performed between 1970 and 1974. Alive consenting patients were interviewed and underwent a brain MRI. Results: We found 1 patient alive who underwent subgenual cingulotomy in 1971 for obsessive thoughts, anxiety, and compulsions, diagnosed at that time as "schizophrenia psychoneurotica." MRI showed bilateral subgenual cingulotomy lesions (254 and 160 mm(3), respectively). The coordinates of the center of the lesions in relation to the midcommissural point for the right and left, respectively, were: 7.1 and 7.9 mm lateral; 0.2 mm inferior and 1.4 mm superior, and 33.0 and 33.9 anterior, confirming correct subgenual targeting. The patient reported retrospective satisfactory results. Conclusions: The lesion in this patient was found to be in the expected location, which gives some verification of the correct placement of Laitinen's subgenus cingulotomy target.
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