| 1. |
- Agren, Richard, et al.
(författare)
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Pulse Width and Implantable Pulse Generator Longevity in Pallidal Deep Brain Stimulation for Dystonia : A Population-Based Comparative Effectiveness Study
- 2020
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Ingår i: Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery. - : S. Karger. - 1011-6125 .- 1423-0372. ; 98:5, s. 331-336
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction: A wide range of pulse widths (PWs) has been used in globus pallidus internus (GPi) deep brain stimulation (DBS) for dystonia. However, no specific PW has demonstrated clinical superiority, and the paradigm may differ among DBS centers.Objective: To investigate how different paradigms of PWs in GPi DBS for dystonia affect implantable pulse generator (IPG) longevities and energy consumption.Methods: Thirty-nine patients with dystonia treated with bilateral GPi DBS at 2 Swedish DBS centers from 2005 to 2015 were included. Different PW paradigms were used at the 2 centers, 60–90 µs (short PWs) and 450 µs (long PW), respectively. The frequency of IPG replacements, pulse effective voltage (PEV), IPG model, pre-/postoperative imaging, and clinical outcome based on the clinical global impression (CGI) scale were collected from the medical charts and compared between the 2 groups.Results: The average IPG longevity was extended for the short PWs (1,129 ± 50 days) compared to the long PW (925 ± 32 days; χ2 = 12.31, p = 0.0005, log-rank test). IPG longevity correlated inversely with PEV (Pearson’s r = –0.667, p < 0.0001). IPG longevities did not differ between Kinetra® and Activa® PC in the short (p = 0.319) or long PW group (p = 0.858). Electrode distances to the central sensorimotor region of the GPi did not differ between the short or long PW groups (p = 0.595). Pre- and postoperative CGI did not differ between groups.Conclusions: Short PWs were associated with decreased energy consumption and increased IPG longevity. These effects were not dependent on the IPG model or the anatomic location of the electrodes. PWs did not correlate with symptom severities or clinical outcomes. The results suggest that the use of short PWs might be more energy efficient and could therefore be preferred initially when programming patients with GPi DBS for dystonia.
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| 2. |
- Blomstedt, Patric
(författare)
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Cerebral Impaludation - An Ignoble Procedure between Two Nobel Prizes : Frontal Lobe Lesions before the Introduction of Leucotomy
- 2020
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Ingår i: Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery. - : S. Karger. - 1011-6125 .- 1423-0372. ; 98:3, s. 150-159
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- During the 20th century, only two persons have been awarded the Nobel Prize for psychiatric discoveries, Julius Wagner-Jauregg in 1927 for the introduction of malaria inoculation in dementia paralytica and Egas Moniz in 1949 for prefrontal leucotomy. According to traditional narrative, Moniz was inspired by a presentation by Carlyle Jacobsen on prefrontal lesions in chimpanzees at a congress in London in 1935. A few months later, he performed the first operations with the help of a young neurosurgeon. These leucotomies were done using injections of a small amount of alcohol into each frontal lobe through a single burr hole on each side of the skull, and the findings from the first 20 patients were published soon after that in 1936. It has, however, been difficult to reconstruct the path leading Moniz to frontal leucotomy, due to his unwillingness to acknowledge contributions from others. Maurice Ducoste, psychiatrist at Villejuif in Paris, France, started his work with psychiatric patients in the early 1920s with mechanical lesions in schizophrenia and continued with injections into the frontal lobes. Later, he focused on general paresis of the insane in neurosyphilis. Here, he introduced injections of malaria-infested blood into the frontal lobes - cerebral impaludation. Injections were used also in schizophrenia, mania, melancholia, and other psychiatric conditions. These injections were up to 5 mL in volume and could be repeated up to 12 times in an individual patient, which must have created significant lesions. Ducoste performed his procedure in hundreds of psychiatric patients before Moniz attempted leucotomy, and his work was presented in several publications before that by Moniz. Moniz basically used the same entry point, target depth, and technique in his first leucotomies. The major difference was that Moniz used alcohol with the clear intent of producing a lesion. Further, Moniz must have been aware of the work of Ducoste, since they presented papers, one after the other, at a meeting of the French Academy of Medicine in 1932. Even so, Moniz never acknowledged any contribution by Ducoste. In my opinion, it would be appropriate to acknowledge the contribution of Maurice Ducoste to the introduction of lobotomy.
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| 3. |
- Dayal, Viswas, et al.
(författare)
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Pedunculopontine nucleus deep brain stimulation for parkinsonian disorders : a case series
- 2021
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Ingår i: Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery. - : S. Karger. - 1011-6125 .- 1423-0372. ; 99:4, s. 287-294
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) has been investigated for the treatment of levodopa-refractory gait dysfunction in parkinsonian disorders, with equivocal results so far.Objectives: To summarize the clinical outcomes of PPN-DBS-treated patients at our centre and elicit any patterns that may guide future research.Materials and Methods: Pre- and post-operative objective overall motor and gait subsection scores as well as patient-reported outcomes were recorded for 6 PPN-DBS-treated patients, 3 with Parkinson's disease (PD), and 3 with progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP). Electrodes were implanted unilaterally in the first 3 patients and bilaterally in the latter 3, using an MRI-guided MRI-verified technique. Stimulation was initiated at 20-30 Hz and optimized in an iterative manner.Results: Unilaterally treated patients did not demonstrate significant improvements in gait questionnaires, UPDRS-III or PSPRS scores or their respective gait subsections. This contrasted with at least an initial response in bilaterally treated patients. Diurnal cycling of stimulation in a PD patient with habituation to the initial benefit reproduced substantial improvements in freezing of gait (FOG) 3 years post-operatively. Among the PSP patients, 1 with a parkinsonian subtype had a sustained improvement in FOG while another with Richardson syndrome (PSP-RS) did not benefit.Conclusions: PPN-DBS remains an investigational treatment for levodopa-refractory FOG. This series corroborates some previously reported findings: bilateral stimulation may be more effective than unilateral stimulation; the response in PSP patients may depend on the disease subtype; and diurnal cycling of stimulation to overcome habituation merits further investigation.
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| 4. |
- Göransson, Nathanael, et al.
(författare)
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Postoperative Lead Movement after Deep Brain Stimulation Surgery and the Change of Stimulation Volume
- 2021
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Ingår i: Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery. - : S. Karger. - 1011-6125 .- 1423-0372. ; 99:3, s. 221-229
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction: Lead movement after deep brain stimulation may occur and influence the affected volume of stimulation. The aim of the study was to investigate differences in lead position between the day after surgery and approximately 1 month postoperatively and also simulate the electric field (EF) around the active contacts in order to investigate the impact of displacement on affected volume. Methods: Twenty-three patients with movement disorders underwent deep brain stimulation surgery (37 leads). Computed tomography at the 2 time points were co-fused respectively with the stereotactic images in Surgiplan. The coordinates (x, y, and z) of the lead tips were compared between the 2 dates. Eleven of these patients were selected for the EF simulation in Comsol Multiphysics. Postoperative changes of EF spread in the tissue due to conductivity changes in perielectrode space and due to displacement were evaluated by calculating the coverage coefficient and the Sorensen-Dice coefficient. Results: There was a significant displacement (mean +/- SD) on the left lead: x (0.44 +/- 0.72, p < 0.01), y (0.64 +/- 0.54, p < 0.001), and z (0.62 +/- 0.71, p < 0.001). On the right lead, corresponding values were: x (-0.11 +/- 0.61, ns), y (0.71 +/- 0.54, p < 0.001), and z (0.49 +/- 0.81, p < 0.05). The anchoring technique was a statistically significant variable associated with displacement. No correlation was found between bilateral (n = 14) versus unilateral deep brain stimulation, gender (n = 17 male), age <60 years (n = 8), and calculated air volume. The simulated stimulation volume was reduced after 1 month because of the perielectrode space. When considering perielectrode space and displacement, the volumes calculated the day after surgery and approximately 1 month later were partly overlapped. Conclusion: The left lead tip displayed a tendency to move lateral, anterior, and inferior and the right a tendency to move anterior and inferior. The anchoring technique was associated to displacement. New brain territory was affected due to the displacement despite considering the reduced stimulated volume after 1 month. Postoperative changes in perielectrode space and small lead movements are reasons for delaying programming to 4 weeks following surgery.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Hariz, Marwan, et al.
(författare)
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Serendipity and Observations in Functional Neurosurgery : From James Parkinson's Stroke to Hamani's & Lozano's Flashbacks
- 2022
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Ingår i: Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery. - : S. Karger. - 1011-6125 .- 1423-0372. ; 100:4, s. 201-209
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Serendipity and observations have a noble tradition in medicine, including neurology, and are responsible for many medical treatments (carbamazepine for tic douloureux, amantadine for Parkinson's disease, gabapentin for restless legs...). We aimed at examining the contribution of serendipity and observations to functional neurosurgery. Scholarly publications relevant to the history of functional neurosurgery for movement and psychiatric disorders were reviewed, starting from the pre-stereotactic era. The documents were scrutinized with respect to indications for surgery, surgical methods, and brain targets, in view of determining whether serendipitous discoveries and other observations contributed to various functional neurosurgical procedures. Summary: James Parkinson's observation that tremors disappeared in the arm of a person with shaking palsy after a hemiparetic stroke encouraged neurosurgeons in the first half of the 20th century to perform ablative procedures on central motor pathways. Following a lobotomy performed by Browder that extended too far medially in a psychiatric patient with coexisting Parkinson's disease (PD), it was noted that the Parkinsonian signs improved. This encouraged Russel Meyers to carry out open surgery on the caudate nucleus and basal ganglia in PD. Cooper introduced ligation of the anterior choroidal artery as a treatment for PD following a surgical accident during a pedunculotomy. Cooper later started to perform stereotactic surgery on the ventrolateral thalamus following the pathological finding that an intended pallidal lesion had in fact targeted the thalamus. Leksell discovered the ideal location of a pallidal lesion being in the posteroventral area empirically, long before the advent of the basal ganglia model of PD. Modern Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) that started in the thalamus for tremor was the result of an observation by Benabid that intraoperative high-frequency stimulation during a thalamotomy reduced tremor. Both the discoveries of the anterior limbic subthalamic nucleus as a DBS target for OCD and the medial forebrain bundle as a DBS target for depression occurred by chance. Hamani and Lozano observed memory flashbacks in a patient who was undergoing DBS for obesity, which led to the discovery of the fornix as a potential DBS target for Alzheimer's disease. Key Messages: In the history of functional neurosurgery, serendipity and observations have resulted in discoveries of several procedures, brain targets for lesioning or DBS as well as new clinical surgical indications. In this era of neuromodulation, this technology should be exquisite in allowing potential serendipitous discoveries, provided that clinicians remain both observant and prepared.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Hariz, Marwan, et al.
(författare)
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Thirty years of global deep brain stimulation : "plus ça change, plus c'est la même chose"?
- 2023
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Ingår i: Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery. - : S. Karger. - 1011-6125 .- 1423-0372. ; 101:6, s. 395-406
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: The advent of deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) for Parkinson's disease 30 years ago has ushered a global breakthrough of DBS as a universal method for therapy and research in wide areas of neurology and psychiatry. The literature of the last three decades has described numerous concepts and practices of DBS, often branded as novelties or discoveries. However, reading the contemporary publications often elicits a sense of déjà vu in relation to several methods, attributes, and practices of DBS. Here, we review various applications and techniques of the modern-era DBS and compare them with practices of the past.Summary: Compared with modern literature, publications of the old-era functional stereotactic neurosurgery, including old-era DBS, show that from the very beginning multidisciplinarity and teamwork were often prevalent and insisted upon, ethical concerns were recognized, brain circuitries and rational for brain targets were discussed, surgical indications were similar, closed-loop stimulation was attempted, evaluations of surgical results were debated, and controversies were common. Thus, it appears that virtually everything done today in the field of DBS bears resemblance to old-Time practices, or has been done before, albeit with partly other tools and techniques. Movement disorders remain the main indications for modern DBS as was the case for lesional surgery and old-era DBS. The novelties today consist of the STN as the dominant target for DBS, the tremendous advances in computerized brain imaging, the sophistication and versatility of implantable DBS hardware, and the large potential for research.Key Messages: Many aspects of contemporary DBS bear strong resemblance to practices of the past. The dominant clinical indications remain movement disorders with virtually the same brain targets as in the past, with one exception: The STN. Other novel brain targets-that are so far subject to DBS trials-are the pedunculopontine nucleus for gait freezing, the anteromedial internal pallidum for Gilles de la Tourette and the fornix for Alzheimer's disease. The major innovations and novelties compared to the past concern mainly the unmatched level of research activity, its high degree of sponsorship, and the outstanding advances in technology that have enabled multimodal brain imaging and the miniaturization, versatility, and sophistication of implantable hardware. The greatest benefit for patients today, compared to the past, is the higher level of precision and safety of DBS, and of all functional stereotactic neurosurgery.
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| 9. |
- Meeres, Jennifer, et al.
(författare)
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Deep Brain Stimulation for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder : A Review of the Experimental and Clinical Literature
- 2022
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Ingår i: Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery. - : S. Karger. - 1011-6125 .- 1423-0372. ; 100, s. 143-155
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction: Up to 30% of patients with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), especially combat veterans, remain refractory to conventional treatment. For them, deep brain stimulation (DBS) has been suggested. Here, we review the literature on animal models of PTSD in which DBS has been used to treat PTSD-type behavior, and we review and discuss patient reports of DBS for PTSD.Methods: A broad search was performed to find experimental animal articles and clinical reports on PubMed, Ovid MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, and PsycINFO, using combinations and variations of search words pertinent to DBS and PTSD.Results: The search yielded 30 articles, 24 on DBS in rat models of PTSD, and 6 publications between 2016 and 2020 reporting on a total of 3 patients. DBS in rat models targeted 4 brain areas: medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), ventral striatum, amygdala, and hippocampus. Clinical publications reported on 2 male combat veterans who received DBS in basolateral amygdala, and 1 female with PTSD due to domestic abuse, who received DBS of mPFC. All 3 patients benefitted to various extents from DBS, at follow-ups of 4 years, 6 months, and 7 months, respectively.Conclusions: PTSD is the only potential clinical indication for DBS that shows extensive animal research prior to human applications. Nevertheless, DBS for PTSD remains highly investigational. Despite several years of government funding of DBS research in view of treating severe PTSD in combat veterans, ethical dilemmas, recruitment difficulties, and issues related to use of DBS in such a complex and heterogenous disorder remain prevalent.
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| 10. |
- Rzesnitzek, Lara, et al.
(författare)
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Psychosurgery in the History of Stereotactic Functional Neurosurgery
- 2020
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Ingår i: Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery. - : S. Karger. - 1011-6125 .- 1423-0372. ; 98:4, s. 241-247
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The paper invites to reappraise the role of psychosurgery for and within the development of functional stereotactic neurosurgery. It highlights the significant and long-lived role of stereotactic neurosurgery in the treatment of severe and chronic mental disorders. Stereotactic neurosurgery developed out of psychosurgery. It was leucotomy for psychiatric disorders and chronic pain that paved the way for stereotactic dorsomedial thalamotomy in these indications and subsequently for stereotactic surgery in epilepsy and movement disorders. Through the 1960s stereotactic psychosurgery continued to progress in silence. Due to the increased applications of stereotactic surgery in psychiatric indications, psychosurgery's renaissance was proclaimed in the early 1970s. At the same time, however, a public fearing mind control started to discredit all functional neurosurgery for mental disorders, including stereotactic procedures. In writing its own history, stereotactic neurosurgery's identity as a neuropsychiatric discipline became subsequently increasingly redefined as principally a sort of "surgical neurology," cut off from its psychiatric origin.
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