| 1. |
- Al-Ani, Thair, et al.
(författare)
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Trace elements in water and sediments of the Tigris river, Baghdad City, Iraq
- 2014
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Hydrology. - 1058-3912 .- 1996-7918. ; 22
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Industrial, agricultural and rural activities may result in pollution of watercourses with elevated trace metal concentrations and implications for water supply and ecosystem functioning. The concentration of the trace metals Fe, Mn, Zn, Co, Pb, Cu, and Cd in the water and clay fractions (<2μm) of the bank sediments of River Tigris in Baghdad city were determined. Dissolved trace metals concentrations were far below the upper permissible limits during 2012-2013. There was no consistent pattern between element concentrations and river discharge. Seasonal interrelations between water and sediments were most obvious for Fe that decreased in both environments with rising flows during autumn. Although independent of discharge, Mn in water and sediments often followed each other at all stations. Zinc, however, increased in the sediments and decreased in the water with discharge. The clay fractions were slightly to strongly enriched in trace metals with the gradient Co > Fe > Zn > Mn > Cu suggesting absorption of the metals on sediment substrate.
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| 2. |
- Al-Ansari, Nadhir, et al.
(författare)
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Effect of treated wastewater irrigation on vegetables
- 2013
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Hydrology. - 1058-3912 .- 1996-7918. ; 21
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Treated waste water is normally used for irrigation purposes in countries suffering from water shortages to narrow the gap between supply and demand. The concept behind this is to save water consumed for agricultural activities, which consumes most of the water, for municipal and industrial uses. The Alsukhna area in Jordan is used to grow vegetables which are irrigated by treated wastewater. Surface and groundwater samples from the Zarqa region were analyzed for their major cations, anions and heavy metals. The impact of the treated waste water on the chemical components of vegetables was studied using Zn, Mn, Fe, Pb and Ni in sweet and hot pepper, tomato, cauliflower, cabbage, squash, cucumber and eggplant which were compared with similar vegetables irrigated by natural unpolluted water from the Mafraq region. The four metals, namely Zn, Fe, Pb, and Ni, had concentrations higher than in the reference vegetables by 3423%, 155%, 397%, 2949% and 289%, 187%, 211%, 214% fortomato and cauliflower, respectively. Sweet pepper was mainly influenced by an increased content of Fe, which was almost 180% higher than that in sweet pepper from the Mafraq region. Hot pepper had highly elevated concentrations of Ni (6980%) and Zn (419%), while squash demonstrated high Zn (207%) and Pb (666%). When all the heavy metals are considered, the most affected vegetable is the hot pepper with an average percent of heavy metals accumulation of 1559% while the least effected is cabbage at 116%.
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| 3. |
- Al-Ansari, Nadhir, et al.
(författare)
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Sedimentation in the Mosul reservoir of northern Iraq
- 2013
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Hydrology. - 1058-3912 .- 1996-7918. ; 21:7, s. 1-10
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Mosul Dam is one of the biggest hydraulic structures in Iraq. It was constructed in 1986 on the Tigris River in the north of Iraq for multiple purposes: irrigation, flood control and power generation. The initial storage capacity and water surface area of its reservoir reaches 11.11 km3 and 380 km2 respectively at the maximum operation level 330 m a.s.l. The dam was operated in 1986. Blockage of the intakes of the pump station for North Al-Jazira Irrigation Project in Mosul Dam reservoir has highlighted the importance of sedimentation problems within the reservoir. A total of 56 samples were collected from the bottom of Mosul reservoir covering most of the reservoir area. The results of the analysis of these samples revealed that they were composed of gravel (3.8%), sand (15%), silt (55.5%) and clay (25.7%). The distribution of these sediments indicates that the silt portion represents the highest 77% of the bottom sediments of this reservoir followed by clay (13.5%) and then sand (9.5%). However, sand percentages are the highest in the northern zone of the reservoir where the River Tigris enters the reservoir and decreases gradually toward the dam site. In the meantime, silt percentage decreases toward the dam site while the finer fraction (i.e. clay) increases. Statistically, the average median and mean sizes of the sediments are 2.81 phi (0.142 mm) and 6.1 phi (0.0146 mm) respectively. In addition, the sediments are poorly sorted, nearly symmetrical in skewness and leptokurtic, very leptokurtic, to mesocratic. Finally, it is believed that the geometry and hydrodynamics of the Mosul reservoir, the location of the River Tigris entrance together with the side tributary valleys have played the most important role in the sediments distribution and their characteristics.
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| 4. |
- Hussain, Hussain Musa, et al.
(författare)
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Evaluation and Mapping Groundwater Suitability for Irrigation Using GIS in Najaf Governorate, Iraq
- 2014
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Hydrology. - 1058-3912 .- 1996-7918. ; 22
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Irrigation Water Quality Index (IWQI) for groundwater within the Geographic Information System(GIS) environment is proposed so that it can be used in assessing the groundwater vulnerability. Themodel was applied to the Damman aquifer in the western part of Iraq. Thirty nine sites were chosen forthe investigation of the Damman aquifer. Triplicate ground water samples were collected from eachsite (during wet and dry seasons of 2013). Variables tested in each sample include: pH, EC, totalhardness Ca+2, Mg+2, Cl-, Na+ and SAR. The final water quality map constructed for the aquifershowed that there are three major regions. The first is in the northeastern part of the area while thesecond region is confined to the southeastern part. Finally, the third region extended along the westernpart of the study area. When this map was converted according to the suggested model, it showed thatthe water quality of the Damman aquifer is marginal for use for agriculture purposes.Journal
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| 5. |
- Issa, Issa E., et al.
(författare)
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Mosul Dam Resorvoir Sedimentation Characteristics, Iraq
- 2014
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Hydrology. - 1058-3912 .- 1996-7918. ; 22
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sediment transported by rivers and finally deposited in reservoirs directly affects dam performanceand causes a reduction in their storage capacity and hence operating efficiency. In this study, thesedimentation characteristics of Mosul dam reservoir have been evaluated using two topographic mapsof the reservoir area at different times (1986 and 2011) via Arc/GIS software. The dam is located on theTigris River in the northern part of Iraq and started operating in 1986. The water surface area of itsreservoir is 380 km2 with a designed storage capacity of 11.11 km3 at a maximum operating level (330m a.s.l). The results showed that the annual sediment deposition rate is 45.72 × 106 m3 year-1 of which23.2 × 106 and 22.52 × 106 m3 year-1 are in the dead storage and live storage zones respectively. As aconsequence, the live and dead storage zones lost 6.9% and 19.66% respectively of their storagecapacity during the 25 year of operation of the dam. The water-spread area (water surface area) of thereservoir at dead storage level (300 m a.s.l) was reduced annually by about 1.34 km2. Furthermore,the stage-storage capacity curves for future periods (prediction curves) were assessed and comparedwith adopted prediction curves using 2011 bathymetric survey data.
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| 6. |
- Loffill, Ed, et al.
(författare)
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Aerated CoUFs - A pilot scale study into the impacts of changing variables on nitrification performance
- 2013
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Hydrology. - 1058-3912 .- 1996-7918. ; 21
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper describes the findings of a long term study of the nitrification performance of apurpose built, large-scale, pilot plant consisting of two mirrored, aerated, continuouslyoperated upflow filters (ACoUFs) operating under realistic conditions. The effect oftemperature, liquid flow rate, aeration rate and media types on the performance of each ofthese filters is reported. After a start-up period of 2-3 weeks each plant performed consistentlyand the performance, expressed as a concentration change between influent and effluent, wasfound to depend directly on temperature and aeration but inversely on flow rate, with littleinteraction between the variables. The introduction of these aerated CoUF variants can havea considerable role to play in increasing effluent quality.
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