| 1. |
- Ahola, Angela
(författare)
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How reliable are eyewitness memories? Effects of retention interval, violence of act, and gender stereotypes on observers' judgments of their own memory regarding witnessed act and perpetrator :
- 2012
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Ingår i: Psychology, Crime and Law. - 1068-316X .- 1477-2744. ; 18:5, s. 491-503
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of (i) stimulus person's gender, (ii) type of act (neutral or violent), and (iii) retention interval (short or long) on observers' memory of a stimulus person. Participants were presented with one of two acts: neutral (walking around in a store) or violent (robbing a store). The retention interval was 10 minutes or one-three weeks. The dependent variables were questionnaire items concerning the participants' memory of (1) the stimulus person's appearance and (2) the event, and (3) rating scales where the participants were asked to evaluate the stimulus person's aggressiveness, insensitivity, and other personality traits as well as characteristics of the act. Results showed that when the act was violent, and a long retention interval was used, a female, but not a male, stimulus person was evaluated less harshly than with a short retention interval (enhancement of gender stereotype); a stimulus person was seen as behaving in a more masculine way when performing a violent rather than a neutral act; witnessing the violent act resulted in better self-rated memory of the stimulus person; and with increasing retention interval, the violent act was seen as less negative and the neutral act as more negative (regression toward the mean).
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| 2. |
- Azad, Azade, et al.
(författare)
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Children's reporting patterns after witnessing homicidal violence : the effect of repeated experience and repeated interviews
- 2014
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Ingår i: Psychology, Crime and Law. - Oxfordshire, United Kingdom : Routledge. - 1068-316X .- 1477-2744. ; 20:5, s. 407-429
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- For both legal and clinical purposes, it is of importance to study children's memories and reports of stressful events. The present study investigated the reporting patterns of 83 children who had witnessed homicidal violence, which is considered to be a highly stressful experience. More specifically, we explored the possible effects of prior violence exposure and of repeated questioning on the amount of details reported. Results showed that the majority of children provided detailed reports about the homicidal violence they had witnessed, including details concerning what happened before, during, and after the violent act. The children provided detailed and vivid testimonies from their experiences, whether they witnessed the event for the first time or had prior experience of witnessing severe violence against the victim by the perpetrator. Children with no prior experience of repeated violence who underwent repeated interviews provided more details than those interviewed once. The present data indicate that children are competent witnesses when questioned in legal contexts after having been exposed to extremely stressful events. These findings have implications for research related to children's memories and reporting of traumatic experiences, as well as practical implications for future treatment and evaluation of children's testimonies.
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| 3. |
- Granhag, Pär Anders, et al.
(författare)
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‘I saw the man who killed Anna Lindh!’ : An archival study of witnesses' offender descriptions
- 2013
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Ingår i: Psychology, Crime and Law. - : Taylor & Francis. - 1068-316X .- 1477-2744. ; 19:10, s. 921-931
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- An archival study was conducted using offender descriptions reported to the police by witnesses (N=29) of the murder of Swedish Foreign Minister Anna Lindh in 2003. All descriptions had been collected within a month after the attack, and each witness had been interviewed between one and five times. Description accuracy was established using photographs of the perpetrator, captured by CCTV cameras minutes before the attack. Contrasting previous archival studies, offender descriptions were quite unreliable (42% of reported attributes were incorrect), and this pattern held for both basic features (e.g., height, age) and more detailed attributes (e.g., clothes). The completeness and accuracy of descriptions increased after (vs. before) images of the perpetrator had been published in the media, but only with regard to the perpetrators’ clothes. We acknowledge the potential effects of co-witness influence and post-event information.
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| 4. |
- Granhag, Pär-Anders, 1964, et al.
(författare)
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'I saw the man who killed Anna Lindh!': A case study of witnesses' offender descriptions
- 2013
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Ingår i: Psychology, Crime and Law. - 1068-316X. ; 19:10, s. 921-931
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- An archival study was conducted using offender descriptions reported to the police by witnesses (N=29) of the murder of Swedish Foreign Minister Anna Lindh in 2003. All descriptions had been collected within a month after the attack, and each witness had been interviewed between one and five times. Description accuracy was established using photographs of the perpetrator, captured by CCTV cameras minutes before the attack. Contrasting previous archival studies, offender descriptions were quite unreliable (42% of reported attributes were incorrect), and this pattern held for both basic features (e.g., height, age) and more detailed attributes (e.g., clothes). The completeness and accuracy of descriptions increased after (vs. before) images of the perpetrator had been published in the media, but only with regard to the perpetrators’ clothes. We acknowledge the potential effects of co-witness influence and post-event information.
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| 5. |
- Hartwig, Maria, 1981, et al.
(författare)
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Detecting deception in suspects: Verbal cues as a function of interview strategy
- 2011
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Ingår i: Psychology, Crime & Law. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1068-316X .- 1477-2744. ; 17:7, s. 643-656
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Research on deception has consistently shown that people are poor at detecting deception during interviews. Research on innocent and guilty suspects’ strategies and strategic use of evidence during interviews has shown that innocent suspects volunteer more information and provide even potentially incriminating details. This experiment examined verbal differences between innocent and guilty mock suspects (N = 96) as a function of veracity and interview style (Free recall, Probes, or Free recall plus Probes). Innocent (vs. guilty) suspects provided more crime-relevant information, and their statements were less likely to contradict the evidence, showing that statement-evidence inconsistency was a cue to deception. This cue to deception was more pronounced when the interview contained probes. Lie-catchers (N = 192) obtained an accuracy rate higher than chance (61.5%) for detecting deceptive denials. Implications for further research on verbal cues to deception are discussed.
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| 6. |
- Laurell, Jenny, et al.
(författare)
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Deceptive behaviour and instrumental violence among psychopathic and non-psychopathic violent forensic psychiatric patients
- 2014
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Ingår i: Psychology, Crime and Law. - : Routledge. - 1068-316X .- 1477-2744. ; 20:5, s. 467-479
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Deceptive behaviour and instrumental violence are well-known psychopathic features and as such play important roles in the assessment of psychopathy. This study examined first, the nature of the violence committed by offenders that have been admitted to forensic psychiatric care and whether scores on the Psychopathy Checklist: Screening Version (PCL:SV), Part 1, were associated with the instrumentality of violence. Second, we examined the proneness of offenders to re-frame the instrumentality in their past violent crimes, and whether this was associated with scores on the PCL:SV. The results show that the PCL:SV, Part 1 (interpersonal/affective features), was positively related to the officially coded instrumentality of the violent crimes. As expected, this association disappeared when the instrumentality was self-reported. However, the majority of the patients tended to exaggerate the reactivity of their violent crimes when it was self-reported, indicating that most offenders, independently of level of psychopathy, used deception when questioned about the characteristics of their past violent crimes. The reasons for, and implications of, the use of deception are discussed.
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| 7. |
- Roos Af Hjelmsäter, Emma, 1976, et al.
(författare)
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The Self-Administered Interview: a means of improving children's eyewitness performance?
- 2012
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Ingår i: Psychology Crime & Law. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1068-316X .- 1477-2744. ; 18:10, s. 897-911
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In order to obtain the most informative and correct statements, witnesses should be heard as soon as possible after the incident. However, this is not always possible. This experimental study investigated whether completing a Self-Administered Interview form (SAI) immediately after a critical event could enhance children's witness performance at a later stage. Children (N = 194, age 11 - 12) reported their memory of an event in a structured SAI, an open SAI, or did not report their memory (control). Two weeks later, the children were interviewed about the event. Before the interview, half of the children were subjected to social influence from a co-witness. Children's free recall of the event was enhanced by the SAI. More precisely, children in the SAI-Structured condition reported more details about the event than children in the SAI-Open condition and the control condition, without a loss of accuracy. The SAI manipulation did not, however, reduce children's vulnerability to social influence. The results suggest that the use of a SAI might prove a simple and yet effective way of increasing the quality of statements from child witnesses in some situations.
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| 8. |
- Shaw, Julia, et al.
(författare)
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Psychology and Law : The Past, Present, and Future of the Discipline
- 2013
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Ingår i: Psychology, Crime and Law. - : Taylor & Francis. - 1068-316X .- 1477-2744. ; 19:8, s. 643-647
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- It is our pleasure to introduce this special edition of Psychology, Crime & Law, which highlights research conducted by students in the area of psychology and law (an area also referred to as legal psychology, forensic psychology, and psycho-legal psychology). This special edition was compiled as part of the effort of the European Association of Psychology and Law Student Society (EAPL-S) (www.eaplstudent. com) to increase awareness of student research, and to promote student involvement in psychology and law. By fostering a sense of community and building bridges between students and experts in the field, we provide an arena for the development of exceptional scholars to conduct novel and important research. In an attempt to introduce new scholars to the field of psychology and law, and to provide a context for the community of which they are becoming a part, we have summarized the past, present, and future of the discipline. We have done so by providing a summary of the growth of psychology and law on an international scale, and by highlighting the role of students in the present and future growth of the field. We recognize that the students of today are the experts of tomorrow.
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| 9. |
- Sooniste, Tuule, 1985, et al.
(författare)
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True and false intentions: asking about the past to detect lies about the future
- 2013
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Ingår i: Psychology Crime & Law. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1068-316X .- 1477-2744. ; 19:8, s. 673-685
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study is on how to discriminate between true and false intentions, an emerging area within psycholegal research. We argue that asking about the past (the planning phase) might be a promising way to detect lies about the future (intentions). That is, participants who had developed false intentions to mask their criminal intentions were assumed to provide equally long and detailed answers to questions about intentions, compared to participants who told the truth about their intentions. In contrast, we predicted that lying participants would be worse at answering questions about the planning of their stated (false) intentions, compared to participants telling the truth about the planning of their stated (true) intentions. To test our assumptions, we used a newly devised experimental set-up accommodating the main characteristics of intent. Both lying and truth-telling suspects perceived the questions on planning as more unanticipated, and more difficult to answer, compared to the questions about their intentions (future actions). Furthermore, in support of our predictions we found that the truth-telling (vs. lying) suspects' answers to questions on planning were longer and perceived as more detailed and clear, whereas liars' and truth-tellers' answers to questions on intentions were equally long and perceived as equally detailed.
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| 10. |
- Vrij, A, 1960, et al.
(författare)
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Lying about flying: the first experiment to detect false intent
- 2011
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Ingår i: Psychology, Crime & Law. - 1068-316X. ; 17:4, s. 611-620
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article reports the results of, to our knowledge, the first ever experiment to investigate lying about intentions. Sixty passengers in an airport departure hall told the truth or lied about their forthcoming trip in an interview that comprised nine questions. The interviews were transcribed and raters coded the amount of detail in, and the plausibility of, the answers. Raters also coded whether the transcripts included contradictions and spontaneous corrections. Liars’ answers were less plausible than truth tellers’ answers but did not differ in terms of detail. Liars also included more contradictions and fewer spontaneous corrections in their answers. A total of 72% of truth tellers and 74% of liars were detected on the basis of these variables. We discuss the implications of the findings together with the limitations of the experiment and ideas for future research.
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