| 1. |
- Brena, Beatriz M., et al.
(författare)
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ITREOH building of regional capacity to monitor recreational water : development of a non-commercial microcystin ELISA and its impact on public health policy
- 2006
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Ingår i: International journal of occupational and environmental health. - 1077-3525 .- 2049-3967. ; 12:4, s. 377-385
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In 2001, a University of California, Davis-University of the Republic, Montevideo, partnership created a Fogarty ITREOH program to exploit the potential of ELISA to provide a low-cost environmental analysis attractive to economically distressed countries of temperate South America. This paper describes the development and validation of an ELISA method for the determination of Cyanobacteria microcystin toxins in algal blooms, which release hepatotoxic metabolites that can reach toxic levels in rivers, lakes, or coastal estuaries used for recreation or water supplies. The assay made possible the first systematic monitoring of water from the Rio de la Plata at Montevideo over two summers. The project has been integrated into a bi-national effort to monitor the Rio de la Plata.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Rodríguez, Teresa, 1966-, et al.
(författare)
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Biological Monitoring of Pesticide Exposures among Applicators and Their Children in Nicaragua
- 2006
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Ingår i: International journal of occupational and environmental health. - : Maney Publishing. - 1077-3525 .- 2049-3967. ; 12, s. 312-320
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Exposures were assessed for seven small-scale farmers using chlorpyrifos on corn and ten banana plantation employees applying diazinon, and for one child of each worker. Metabolites (TCPYand IMPY) were measured in urine before and after applications. TCPY concentrations peaked at 27 and 8.5 hours post-application for applicators and children, respectively (geometric means, 26 and 3.0 microg/L). Proximity to spraying and spray mixture preparation in homes were important exposure factors. IMPY concentrations differed substantially across workers at two plantations (geometric means, 1.3 and 168 mirog/L); however, their children had little or no diazinon exposure. These workers and children were also exposed to chlorpyrifos, most likely through contact with chlorpyrifos-impregnated bags used in banana production. Several recommendations are offered: (1) monitor children's activities during applications; (2) do not store or prepare pesticides in homes; (3) institute sound occupational hygiene practices at banana plantations; (4) dispose of plastic insecticide bags properly at the worksite.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Rudén, Christina, et al.
(författare)
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Evidence-Based Toxicology : "Sound Science" in New Disguise
- 2008
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Ingår i: International journal of occupational and environmental health. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1077-3525 .- 2049-3967. ; 14:4, s. 299-306
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The "evidence-based toxicology" proposed by Guzelian et al. departs radically from state-of-the-art toxicology by claiming that risks for humans can only be determined on the basis of human evidence. Just like the previous proposal of "sound science," "evidence-based toxicology" poses a heavy burden of proof on any effort to control exposures in order to reduce health risks to those exposed. The alleged connection between "evidence-based toxicology" and evidence-based medicine is misconceived, since the strict criteria for use of scientific data in evidence-based medicine concerns proof of therapeutic effects, while in "evidence-based toxicology" these criteria are applied to proof of harmful effects. The slogans "sound science" and "evidence-based toxicology" have both been put forward by persons with a history of extensive involvement with the tobacco industry.
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| 6. |
- Thelin, Nils, et al.
(författare)
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Mortality and morbidity among farmers, nonfarming rural men, and urban referents : a prospective population-based study
- 2009
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Ingår i: International journal of occupational and environmental health. - : Maney Publishing. - 1077-3525 .- 2049-3967. ; 15:1, s. 21-28
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A cohort of 1,220 farmers, 1,130 nonfarming rural men, and 1,087 urban referents from Sweden were monitored for 12 years. Farmers had lower mortality than urban referents for all causes of death (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.51; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.37-0.71), cancer (HR = 0.44; 95% CI, 0.24-0.78) and cardiovascular diseases (HR = 0.60; 95% CI, 0.36-0.99). Nonfarming rural men had lower mortality than urban referents for all causes of deaths (HR = 0.81; 95% CI, 0.70-0.94). Farmers and nonfarming rural men had significantly lower morbidity risks of cancer and of psychiatric disorders than urban referents. Farmers had significantly lower risk of endocrine disorders, cardiovascular disorders, and respiratory disorders. In general, morbidity was lower among nonfarming rural men compared with urban referents and was even lower among farmers. Urban referents had, however, significantly less musculoskeletal disorder morbidity. An urban-rural factor and a farming occupational or lifestyle factor results in lower mortality and morbidity rates except concerning musculoskeletal disorders.
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| 7. |
- Woolfson, Charles, 1946-, et al.
(författare)
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New European Community strategy for health and safety : The elephant in the room
- 2007
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Ingår i: International journal of occupational and environmental health. - 1077-3525 .- 2049-3967. ; 13:3, s. 342-355
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Although Lithuania has comprehensive health and safety legislation in line with EU requirements, on a range of general health and occupational health and safety (OHS) indicators, it is a poor performer. Survey data suggest that the norm for work in Lithuania is based on a regime of intensification without a participative working environment in which employees have a voice in safety management. Although European-style legislative reforms appear to be having no measurable effects on CHS performance in post-communist New Member States, the EU OHS strategy for 2007–2012 fails to take account of the deteriorated working environments in these states, suggesting that prospects for harmonization of working environment standards in the enlarged Europe may recede with eastward expansion.
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