| 1. |
- Ando, Michihito
(författare)
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Dreams of urbanization : Quantitative case studies on the local impacts of nuclear power facilities using the synthetic control method
- 2015
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Ingår i: Journal of Urban Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0094-1190 .- 1095-9068. ; 85, s. 68-85
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper uses the synthetic control (SC) method to examine how the establishment of nuclear power facilities (NPFs) in Japan in the 1970s and 1980s has affected local per capita income levels in the municipalities in which they were localted (NPF municipalities). Eight quantitative case studies using the SC method clarify that the effects of NPF establishment on per capita taxable income levels are highly heterogeneous. The estimated effects are often economically meaningful and in some cases huge: the income level was 11% higher on average and 62% higher in one municipality in 2002 when compared with counterfactual units. On the other hand a few of the NPF municipalities have received only weak or negligible effects from NPF establishment. The post-estimation comparisons of employment between the NPF municipalities and the SC units suggest that the size of the direct labor demand shocks and subsequent indirect employment effects on nontradable service sectors have contributed to the increase in per capita income levels.
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| 2. |
- Berger, Thor, et al.
(författare)
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Locomotives of local growth: The short- and long-term impact of railroads in Sweden
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of Urban Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 1095-9068 .- 0094-1190. ; 98, s. 124-138
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper studies the impact of railroads on 150 years of urban growth in Sweden, identifying the short- and long-term effects of a first wave of railroad construction. Difference-in-differences and instrumental variable estimates show that towns that gained access experienced substantial relative increases in population, though such growth mainly reflected a relocation of economic activity. Over the twentieth century, we find little evidence of convergence in town populations, despite the railroad network expanding further to connect nearly all towns. Evidence on historical investments and present-day factors is consistent with the idea that the transitory shock of the first railroads gave rise to path dependence in the location of economic activity.
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| 3. |
- Enflo, Kerstin, et al.
(författare)
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Can Kings Create Towns that Thrive? The long-term implications of new town foundations
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of Urban Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 1095-9068 .- 0094-1190. ; 112, s. 50-69
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We examine the long-term effects of a series of Swedish towns founded by the Crown during the early modern period. Their advantage over rural parishes consisted in having monopoly rights to trade with the local hinterland. Since the optimum sites were occupied by medieval towns, the Crown could only aim for second-rate locations. Using difference-in-difference combined with Propensity Score Matching, we find that a reduction in the distance to town increased gross production and population up to 30-40 km away. However, there is no evidence of increasing per capita production or yields. These natural constraints could only support a sluggish growth in the towns themselves. However, after the Industrial Revolution, the towns began to thrive. We argue that town status signalled the commitment of the Crown to nurture these locations creating positive expectations despite their natural constraints. During industrialization, agglomeration economies led them to become significantly large urban areas persistent until today.
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| 4. |
- Holmlund, Helena, et al.
(författare)
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Does grade configuration matter? Effects of school reorganisation on pupils' educational experience
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of Urban Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0094-1190 .- 1095-9068. ; 109, s. 14-26
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper studies the effects of school organisation on pupils' school environment, travel patterns and educational outcomes, exploiting a policy change that reorganised Swedish middle school education. The reorganisation induced pupils to remain in small local schools throughout grades 1-9, as opposed to making a transition to large middle schools between grades 6 and 7. The reorganisation had large consequences for pupils' environments in the affected areas: travel distances to school decreased as well as the school cohort size; the composition of peers became more homogenous; and notably we find a reduction in teacher qualifications and experience. Despite that the previous literature has found that school transitions, school size and teacher experience are important inputs in the education production function, we find no evidence that remaining in a small local school had effects on educational outcomes. We reconcile our evidence using a survey which reveals that Swedish pupils do not perceive large differences in the psychosocial learning environment between schools of different grade configurations. Our results are important in informing policy makers and urban planners of the costs and benefits of different types of school organisations.
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| 5. |
- Mandell, Svante, 1970-, et al.
(författare)
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Why truck distance taxes are contagious and drive fuel taxes to the bottom
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of Urban Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0094-1190 .- 1095-9068. ; 93, s. 1-17
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper analyzes the way in which countries with international and local truck traffic decide to switch from a simple fuel tax system to a dual system of fuel and distance charge taxes. We show what drives a country to switch and how this affects the level of fuel taxes as well as incentives for other countries to also adopt the dual system. The model is partially able to explain the gradual extension of kilometer charging for trucks in Europe. The model also shows that, in the absence of diesel cars, the gradual introduction of kilometer charges will make fuel taxation for trucks virtually disappear and will lead to a system where truck use is (1) taxed mainly based on distance, (2) is taxed too heavily, and (3) where highest distance taxes are expected in transit countries with a strong market position. When the fuel tax must in addition serve as an externality tax for diesel cars, the introduction of distance charges for trucks will give rise to diesel taxes that are lower than the external cost of diesel cars. For trucks, this leads to a sum of diesel taxes and distance charges that are higher than the external cost of trucks.
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| 6. |
- van Vuuren, Aico
(författare)
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City structure and the location of young college graduates
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of Urban Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0094-1190. ; 104, s. 1-15
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper investigates an equilibrium search model with on-the-job search, endogenous wage formation and land allocation. Search frictions are increasing with the distance to a city's central business district We find a positive relationship between wage and distance to jobs. This can be explained by the fact that the number of acceptable outside offers decreases with the wage. We are able to relate our results to some empirically relevant aspects on gentrification.
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| 7. |
- Verhoef, Erik T.
(författare)
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Cost recovery of congested infrastructure under market power
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of Urban Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0094-1190. ; 101, s. 45-56
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Mohring-Harwitz (1962) theorem states that the degree of self-financing of congested infrastructure is equal to the elasticity of the capacity cost function in the optimum, so that under neutral scale economies exact self-financing applies. The theorem breaks down when the infrastructure is used by operators with market power, the case in point often being airlines at a congested airport. This paper proposes a regulatory scheme that restores self-financing in such cases; partially so in general, and perfectly so under specific circumstances that include (1) the satisfaction of a particular proportionality condition, and (2) either the isolation of budgets needed for subsidies to counter demand-related mark-ups, or perfectly elastic demands so that such mark-ups are zero. Moreover, exact self-financing applies in this scheme independent of the elasticity of the capacity cost function, and occurs for both parametric and "manipulable" congestion pricing. (C) 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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