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- Brunnström, Kjell, 1960-, et al.
(författare)
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Quality measurement methods for video assisting refereeing systems
- 2023
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Ingår i: Sports Engineering. - : Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH. - 1369-7072 .- 1460-2687. ; 26:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Changes in the footballing world’s approach to technology and innovation, along with major advancements in broadcasting contributed to the decision by the International Football Association Board to introduce Video Assistant Referees in 2018. The change meant that under strict protocols referees could use video replays to review decisions in the event of a “clear and obvious error” or a “serious missed incident”. At the time of writing 48-Member Associations have introduced the Video Assistant Referees protocol in at least one of their tournaments and there are many technology providers who work with organisers to implement the Video Assistant Referees systems. To ensure that the use of Video Assistant Referees has a positive effect on the game, Fédération Internationale de Football Association collaborated with the RISE Research Institutes of Sweden to develop objective test methods that could be used to ensure that a system can provide an adequate solution. Each provider must be able to pass requirements that ensure that they can deal with the challenges of processing, coding, decoding, synchronising, and re-formatting of the broadcast feeds. This article will describe the development of the test methods and illustrate some initial results from a test event on Video Assistant Referees system candidates. The methods have shown to be robust and appropriate for their intended purpose and will be developed over the years to ensure the quality of Video Assistant Referees. The developed measurement methods are general and can be applied to other broadcast and video systems as well as to other sports. © 2023, The Author(s).
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| 2. |
- Parry, Henry, et al.
(författare)
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The influence of a rocking-motion device built into classic cross-country roller-ski bindings on biomechanical, physiological and performance outcomes
- 2021
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Ingår i: Sports Engineering. - : Springer Nature. - 1369-7072 .- 1460-2687. ; 24:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study aimed to determine whether the recently developed Flow Motion Technology(R) roller-ski prototype could improve indicators of performance during sub-maximal and maximal cross-country roller skiing. Thirteen national and international cross-country skiers completed 2 experimental trials: 1 with Flow Motion Technology(R) activated, allowing a rocking motion between the foot and ski binding, and 1 with the foot fixed in a traditional manner. Each trial included 2 sub-maximal bouts using the diagonal-stride and double-poling sub-techniques, as well as a double-poling maximal velocity test and a diagonal-stride 6-min time trial. There were no differences in performance between Flow Motion Technology(R) and traditional roller skiing during the maximal velocity test or the time trial. However, reductions in mean plantar force during sub-maximal diagonal stride (p = 0.011) and ankle range of motion during sub-maximal (p = 0.010) and maximal (p = 0.041) diagonal stride were observed with Flow Motion Technology(R) versus traditional roller skiing. This, together with a reduced minimum horizontal distance of the hips in front of the ankles during sub-maximal double poling (p = 0.001), indicated impaired technique with Flow Motion Technology(R), which may have contributed to the trend for reduced gross efficiency during double poling with Flow Motion Technology(R) ((p)eta(2) = 0.214). Significant physiological differences included a reduced sub-maximal double poling respiratory exchange ratio (p = 0.03) and a greater maximal heart rate during the time trial (p = 0.014) with Flow Motion Technology(R). We conclude that the application of Flow Motion Technology(R) requires further examination before use in training and competition.
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| 3. |
- Rosso, V., et al.
(författare)
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Evaluating objective measures of impairment to trunk strength and control for cross-country sit skiing
- 2021
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Ingår i: Sports Engineering. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1369-7072 .- 1460-2687. ; 24:6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In Paralympic cross-country sit skiing, athlete classification is performed by an expert panel, so it may be affected by subjectivity. An evidence-based classification is required, in which objective measures of impairment must be identified. The purposes of this study were: (i) to evaluate the reliability of 5 trunk strength measures and 18 trunk control measures developed for the purposes of classification; (ii) to rank the objective measures, according to the largest effects on perfor-mance. Using a new testing device, 14 elite sit-skiers performed two upright seated press tests and one simulated poling test to evaluate trunk strength. They were also subjected to unpredictable balance perturbations to measure trunk control. Tests were repeated on two separate days and test–retest reliability of trunk strength and trunk control measures was evaluated. A cluster analysis was run and correlation was evaluated, including all strength and control measures, to identify the measures that contributed most to clustering participants. Intraclass correlations coefficients (ICC) were 0.71 < ICC < 0.98 and 0.83 < ICC < 0.99 for upright seated press and perturbations, respectively. Cluster analysis identified three clusters with relevance for strength and balance control measures. For strength, in upright seated press peak anterior pushing force without backrest (effect size = 0.77) and ratio of peak anterior pushing force without and with backrest (effect size = 0.72) were significant. For balance control measures, trunk range of motion in forward (effect size = 0.81) and backward (effect size = 0.75) perturbations also contributed. High correlations (− 0.76 < r < − 0.53) were found between strength and control measures. The new testing device, protocol, and the cluster analysis show promising results in assessing impairment of trunk strength and control to empower an evidence-based classification.
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