| 1. |
- Björklund, Gunilla, 1973-, et al.
(författare)
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Driver behaviour in intersections : Formal and informal traffic rules
- 2005
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Ingår i: Transportation Research Part F. - : Elsevier. - 1369-8478 .- 1873-5517. ; 8:3, s. 239-253
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Drivers' behaviour in intersections is not only influenced by the rules of priority in the intersection but also by the design of the intersection as well as the behaviour of other road users. If behaviours that supplement or contradict formal traffic rules become common in a particular traffic intersection, it is an indication that an informal traffic rule has been used. In the present study a sample of 1276 Swedish drivers (aged 18-74 years) responded to questions about how often they would yield to another driver in 10 hypothetical crossing situations. In all crossing situations the respondents were told that there was no major road, implying that they should always yield the right of way to traffic coming from the right (the right-hand ride). The results showed that drivers' reported behaviour varied over different intersections. As expected, the formal rule of priority (i.e., the direction from which the other driver was coming) was an important determinant for drivers' yielding behaviour. However, cues for informal rules such as the other driver's behaviour and road breadth were also of importance. Different groups of drivers could be identified according to their strategies of yielding behaviour. One group of drivers reported that they rarely yielded, whereas another group reported that they always did so. A third group complied with the right-hand rule most of the time, whereas the behaviour of a fourth group varied over intersections. The implications of the results and the appropriateness of the right-hand rule are discussed.
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| 2. |
- Eriksson, Louise, 1973-, et al.
(författare)
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Interrupting habitual car use : The importance of car habit strength and moral motivation for personal car use reduction
- 2008
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Ingår i: Transportation Research Part F. - : Elsevier. - 1369-8478 .- 1873-5517. ; 11:1, s. 10-23
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this study, habitual car use was interrupted by means of an intervention attempting to induce a deliberate consideration to reduce personal car use and forming implementation intentions for the planned changes in travel behavior. The importance of car habit strength and of moral motivation for reducing car use was analyzed. The study was conducted as a field experiment where 71 car users were recruited to either an experimental group or a control group. All participants reported car habit strength and moral motivation to reduce car use (i.e. personal norm) by means of a questionnaire, and recorded car use by means of weekly car diaries pre- and post-intervention. Results demonstrate that the intervention did make the choice of travel mode more deliberate since the association between car use and car habit strength were weakened while the relation between car use and personal norm were strengthened after compared to before the intervention. Moreover, as a result of the intervention car users with a strong car habit and a strong personal norm were found to be more likely to reduce car use as compared to those with a weak car habit and a weak personal norm. Hence, a reduction in car use may be facilitated by interrupting habitual car use, specifically if the car user has a strong car habit and a strong moral motivation to reduce personal car use.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Falk, Birgitta, et al.
(författare)
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Promoting traffic safety among young male drivers by means of elaboration-based interventions
- 2009
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Ingår i: Transportation Research Part F. - : Elsevier BV. - 1369-8478 .- 1873-5517. ; 12:1, s. 1-11
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Previous research in social psychology has brought about significant changes in attitudes and behaviour by merely asking respondents to imagine, or reflect, on a phenomenon and arrive at their own conclusions. To test the potential of such interventions in the traffic safety area, an experiment comprising 353 young men 18–23 years old with a driver’s licence was conducted. Two experimental groups were induced to imagine a severe accident scenario and to visualize their feelings and the consequences on their future lives. A control group was interviewed about neutral issues. Attitudes towards risk-taking were measured post-intervention and at follow-up. The experimental groups showed more “ideal” attitudes than the control group post-intervention. At follow-up the attitudes of the experimental group remained unchanged, whereas the control group had changed towards more “ideal” attitudes. Self-reported risk-taking behaviour was measured pre-intervention and at follow-up. At follow-up all groups reported significantly less risk-taking behaviour than at pre-intervention. It is suggested that answering the questionnaires increased mental elaboration concerning risky driving, and it is concluded that interventions that unobtrusively make drivers reflect on their driving should be explored further as a means to promote traffic safety.
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| 5. |
- Mynttinen, Sami, et al.
(författare)
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Are novice drivers overconfident? : A comparison of self-assessed and examiner-assessed driver competences in a Finnish and a Swedish sample.
- 2009
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Ingår i: Transportation Research Part F. - : Elsevier B.V.. - 1369-8478 .- 1873-5517. ; 12:1, s. 120-130
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Studies of subjective driving skill have usually assessed perceived driving skill in relation to the skills of the average driver. In order to examine whether novice drivers are overconfident with respect to their actual skills, a different method was used in the present study, where specific aspects of perceived driver competence were compared with assessments made by a driver examiner. A Finnish (n = 2847) and a Swedish (n = 805) sample of driving test candidates completed self-assessments and took a practical driving test; the instruments differed between the countries. The results indicated that about 50 percent of the Finnish and between 25 and 35 percent of the Swedish candidates made realistic assessments of their competence in the areas Vehicle manoeuvring, Economical driving and Traffic safety. The proportion of those who overestimated their competence was greater among the Swedish candidates than the Finnish candidates. This might be explained by greater possibilities of practicing self-assessment in the Finnish driver education. Furthermore, the results indicate that males are not overconfident to a greater extent than females. In conclusion, when perceived competence is related to actual competence instead of the skills of the average driver, the majority of drivers are no longer found to overestimate their skills.
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| 6. |
- Sundström, Anna, 1979-
(författare)
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Self-assessment of driving skill : A review from a measurement perspective
- 2008
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Ingår i: Transportation Research Part F. - 1369-8478 .- 1873-5517. ; 11:1, s. 1-9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Subjective driving skill is commonly assessed with self-reports and many studies have found that drivers have overly positive beliefs in their own skill. The purpose of this review was to examine how subjective driving skill has been measured in different studies. Secondly, the aim was to discuss the methods used from a measurement perspective, i.e., to discuss the reliability and the validity of the measures and methods used. The findings from the review indicated that studies about subjective driving skills can be divided into three different domains with respect to the methodology used. In two of the domains, subjective driving skill is measured by comparing the individual’s own skill to internal criteria: the skill of the average driver and specific aspects of driving skill. In the third domain, the subjective skill is compared with an external criterion, i.e., the actual skill in order to determine if drivers have an accurate perception of their own skill. The conclusion of the review was that there are several methodological problems with the reference to the average driver that can result in biased assessments. Moreover, this methodology cannot be used to conclude whether drivers’ are overconfident or not. In order to obtain indicators of reliability and validity, the measurement of subjective driving skill should incorporate judgments of specific aspects of driving skills. By the use of this methodology, subjective driving skill can be validated through comparison with actual driving skill.
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| 7. |
- van den Berg, Johannes, et al.
(författare)
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Symptoms of sleepiness while driving and their relationship to prior sleep, work and individual characteristics
- 2006
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Ingår i: Transportation Research Part F. - : Elsevier BV. - 1369-8478 .- 1873-5517. ; 9:3, s. 207-226
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In total, 154 lorry and bus drivers participated in a questionnaire study dealing with sleepiness in traffic. The questionnaire included questions about sleep before work, appearance of sleepiness, the type of sleepiness they experienced while driving, and ways to counter sleepiness while driving. Driver sleepiness was analysed with respect to age, type of driving, traffic intensity, experience of work, and sleep before work. About 14% of the drivers reported regular sleepiness while driving, 33% had occasionally fought sleepiness while driving, and 8% had experienced nodding of the head while driving. The majority of the drivers had once been so tired that they had to stop driving. Sleepiness normally occurred between 03.00 and 06.00, at the end of longer trips, and was most frequently appeared in autumn. Poor sleep and poor working hours were considered as the most important causes to sleepiness. Eye tiredness, yawning, difficulties concentrating on the road, and difficulties keeping one’s thoughts together: these were the most frequently reported symptoms of sleepiness. More sleeping hours before work, better working hours, naps during work, listening to the radio, conversations, and lowering the cabin temperature were the most frequently mentioned countermeasures. The appearances of sleepiness while driving was strongly correlated to lower sleep hours and lower sleep quality before work. Age, type of work, or work experience did not interfere with sleepiness in the investigated group in any systematic way.
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| 8. |
- Wallén Warner, Henriette, et al.
(författare)
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Drivers’ beliefs about exceeding the speed limits
- 2008
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Ingår i: Transportation Research Part F. - : Elsevier. - 1369-8478 .- 1873-5517. ; 11:5, s. 376-389
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this study was to examine drivers’ view on their own speeding behaviour by focusing on belief based measures as suggested by the theory of planned behaviour. A sample of car owners (N = 162) completed a questionnaire including both direct and belief based measures of the latent variables in the theory of planned behaviour. The results showed that indices constructed with direct measures of attitude, subjective norm and perceived behavioural control made a larger contribution to the prediction of drivers’ intention to exceed the speed limits in both urban and rural environments, than did indices constructed with belief based measures. An extensive set of belief composites was produced and standard multiple regressions showed which of these contributed to the prediction of attitude, subjective norm and perceived behavioural control, as well as intention. The use of these findings is discussed.
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| 9. |
- Wallén Warner, Henriette, et al.
(författare)
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Driver's decision to speed : a study inspired by the theory of planned behavior
- 2006
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Ingår i: Transportation Research Part F. - : Elsevier BV. - 1369-8478 .- 1873-5517. ; 9:6, s. 427-433
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Using structural equation modeling (LISREL 8.71), drivers' everyday speeding behavior was predicted using the theory of planned behavior as a frame of reference. One hundred and twelve test drivers had a device installed in their vehicles that continuously logged their speeding behavior in a large area under an extended period of time. The test drivers also completed a questionnaire including questions inspired by the theory of planned behavior. It was found that the independent variables stipulated in the theory afforded a level of prediction of drivers' self-reported speeding as well as of their logged speeding. Attitude towards speeding, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control were significant determinants of self-reported speeding. Self-reported speeding, and subjective norm, but not perceived behavioral control, did then contribute to the prediction of drivers' logged speeding. The fact that perceived behavioral control did not directly contribute to the prediction of drivers' logged speeding may be due to the possibility that drivers with several years of experience already take into account the actual control they have over the target behavior. As the theory of planned behavior can be used as a frame of reference to predict drivers' everyday speeding behavior, it is suggested that the drivers might decide on a target behavior and in living up to this decision they continuously monitor their target speed during everyday driving.
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| 10. |
- Wallén Warner, Henriette, et al.
(författare)
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The long term effects of an ISA speed-warning device on drivers’ speeding behaviour
- 2008
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Ingår i: Transportation Research Part F. - : Elsevier. - 1369-8478 .- 1873-5517. ; 11:2, s. 96-107
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Different systems of intelligent speed adaptation (ISA) have already been tested in the field and large-scale implementation is being discussed. But do we really know how these systems affect drivers during long-term use?Between 2000 and 2003 a total of 61 test drivers had an ISA speed warning device installed in their vehicles. Data from these trials show that,initially, the device greatly reduced the amount of time the majority of test drivers spent above the speed limit, and to some extent also reduced their mean speeds, but this effect decreased with time. Further analyses of 27 of the 61 test drivers then showed that the activation of the warning system affected different drivers in quite a homogenous way, with regards to attitude, subjective norm and self-reported behaviour, but not with regards to perceived behavioural control. After activation,long-term use did, however, affect the test drivers in a homogenous way with regards to attitude, subjective norm and self-reported behaviour, as well as perceived behavioural control. When considering these results it must be remembered that the device tested was a first generation ISA speed-warning device and with more research we think that different ISA-systems could be improved and the effects made more stable during long-term use.
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