| 1. |
- Radun, Igor, et al.
(författare)
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Company employees as experimental participants in traffic safety research : Prevalence and implications
- 2019
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Ingår i: Transportation Research Part F. - Stockholm : Elsevier BV. - 1369-8478 .- 1873-5517. ; 60, s. 81-92
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The use of company employees as experimental participants when testing products, technology or paradigms developed by the same company raises questions about bias in results and research ethics. We aimed to investigate the prevalence of studies authored by car company researchers with car company employees as participants, to assess the risk of bias in such studies, to investigate journal editors’ opinions in the field of traffic safety regarding these procedures, and to offer a general discussion about ethical and methodological implications. Three types of data were collected. We (i) examined guidelines and recommendations for authors in eleven selected peer-reviewed journals in the area of traffic safety; (ii) surveyed editors of these journals; and (iii) reviewed articles authored by researchers from a selected group of car manufacturers and published in these journals during 2011–2015. Guidelines and recommendations for authors in the included journals did not mention whether and under what circumstances company employees can be research participants, nor did publishers’ general guidelines. However, three out of the four editors who responded to our survey believed that this issue of private company researchers using participants from the same company deserves to be explicitly addressed in their journal’s guide for authors. The total number of regular articles and conference papers during 2011–2015 in the eleven journals reviewed was 6763; 95 (1.4%) listed at least one car manufacturer in the authors’ affiliations; and out of these, nine included company employees as participants. In summary, company employees are seldom (0.13%) used as research participants in traffic safety research. Nevertheless, the use of company employees as research participants raises questions about bias in results as well as about incursions into the participants’ autonomy.
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| 2. |
- Falkmer, Torbjörn, et al.
(författare)
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Fixation patterns of learner drivers with and without cerebral palsy (CP) when driving in real traffic environments
- 2001
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Ingår i: Transportation Research Part F. - 1369-8478 .- 1873-5517. ; 4:3, s. 171-185
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Among learner drivers with cerebral palsy (CP), driver education is problematic for those failing to fulfil their education as well as for those becoming licensed drivers. A crucial ingredient in the development of driving is the quality of the visual search. Problems increase for CP learners in those parts of training where high demands are set on visual search abilities. The aim of the study was to increase knowledge about search patterns among learners with CP in comparison with learners and experienced drivers without CP. The study was carried out in traffic by measuring eye movements and the duration and distribution of fixation. The results show that search strategies among learners with CP were less flexible than in the control groups. The results suggest a need for better methods for teaching CP learners search strategies and may provide a tool for such development. © 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd.
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| 3. |
- Hakamies-Blomqvist, L., et al.
(författare)
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Driver ageing does not cause higher accident rates per km
- 2002
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Ingår i: Transportation Research Part F. - 1369-8478 .- 1873-5517. ; 5:4, s. 271-274
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Based on Finnish survey data, older (65+, n=1559) and younger (26-40, n=310) drivers' accident rates were compared. In accordance with earlier studies, the rates were similar per driver (0.1) but there was a non-significant trend towards older drivers having more accidents per distance driven (10.8 vs. 8.3 per 1 million km). However, when the accidents-per-km comparison was made in groups matched for yearly exposure, there is no evidence for higher risk with increasing age. In both age groups, risk per km decreased with increasing yearly driving distance. We suggest that the previous perception of an age-related risk increase of accidents per distance driven arises from a failure to control for low mileage bias at all ages. © 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 4. |
- Hatakka, Mika, et al.
(författare)
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From control of the vehicle to personal self-control, broadening the perspectives to driver education
- 2002
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Ingår i: Transportation Research Part F. - 1369-8478 .- 1873-5517. ; 5:3, s. 201-215
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The objective is to formulate guidelines and goals for future development in the area of driver training and education. The content of this paper is not empirical, but merely an analytical summary or review. A four-level descriptive model is presented in which driver behaviour is conceptualised as a hierarchy, in which the goals and motives of the driver play an essential role. The recent constructivist ideas in mainstream pedagogy and psychology of learning are combined with a hierarchical approach to driver behaviour. A comprehensive framework for goals and contents of driver education (GDE framework) is presented. Two main conclusions can be drawn. Firstly, the conceptual analysis points towards a need to emphasise the motivational aspects in driver education more than it is done at present. Secondly, in order to reach the goals, pedagogical methods should be re-evaluated. For example, active learning methods and use of self-reflection should be promoted in driver education.
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| 5. |
- Lundberg, C., et al.
(författare)
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Driving tests with older patients : Effect of unfamiliar versus familiar vehicle
- 2003
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Ingår i: Transportation Research Part F. - 1369-8478 .- 1873-5517. ; 6:3, s. 163-173
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of the study was to study the effect, for older license holders, of taking a driving test with an unfamiliar vehicle, as compared to their own cars. The study population consisted of licensed patients 65-85 years referred to the Traffic Medicine Centre (TrMC), Huddinge University Hospital, for an evaluation of their medical and cognitive fitness to drive. In the clinical practice of TrMC, driving tests have been used since 1997, with inspectors from the Swedish National Road Administration (SNRA) acting as evaluators. Initially, patients were allowed to use their own cars. From the beginning of the year 2000, however, dual brakes were made mandatory and most evaluations were then made with SNRA cars. When comparing the outcomes of driving tests from the period prior to 2000 (n=96) and after 2000 (n=69), it was found that the number of drivers who failed the test increased by 16%. Also, those who passed the test after more than one trial decreased by 20%. The potential of the neuropsychological assessment to correctly classify drivers in outcome groups was considerably reduced in the period after 2000. These results support the view that, for older drivers with cognitive deterioration, the need to adapt to an unfamiliar vehicle represents a supplementary cognitive load that may compromise their driving ability and the validity of the assessment. A measure aimed only at increasing the safety of examiners and examinees thus had an unintended side-effect that is detrimental to older clinical populations. © 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 6. |
- Rimmo, P.-A., et al.
(författare)
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Older drivers' aberrant driving behaviour, impaired activity, and health as reasons for self-imposed driving limitations
- 2002
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Ingår i: Transportation Research Part F. - 1369-8478 .- 1873-5517. ; 5:1, s. 345-360
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The present study used a mail survey addressed to Swedish drivers aged between 55 and 92 years (n = 939) to study the relationship between driving exposure, health, and four types of self-reported aberrant driving behaviour as measured with a Swedish version of the driver behaviour questionnaire. Age and gender were the most important predictors of the tendency to sometimes avoid driving. However, even after accounting for age and gender, reports of own erroneous driving behaviour because of inattention (e.g., failure to notice a signal) and inexperience errors (viz., handling the car), as well as impaired health, were related to self-imposed driving limitations, whereas the violations and mistakes factors were not. Problems with activities of daily living were only marginally associated with self-imposed driving limitations, mediated through inattention and inexperience errors. The results support the notion that older drivers adjust their driving in response to their health and to the problems they experience while driving. © 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 7. |
- Vogel, Katja
(författare)
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What characterizes a free vehicle in an urban area?
- 2002
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Ingår i: Transportation Research Part F. - 1369-8478 .- 1873-5517. ; 5:1, s. 313-327
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The concept "free vehicle" is used widely in the transportation research literature, but as yet there is no common standard for a definition. In this article a standard is provided that is based on the assumption that a vehicle can be considered free, when its speed is not influenced by the speed of the vehicle traveling ahead. In order to determine empirically a threshold for free vehicles in urban areas, speed, distance headway, and time headway data of more than 100 000 vehicles were analyzed. Analyses showed that the speeds of two vehicles are linearly dependent on time headway for headways up to 6 s. It is important to distinguish between this value and the drivers' preferred headway, which is in the region of 2 s
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| 8. |
- Abenoza, Roberto, et al.
(författare)
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Determinants of traveler satisfaction : Evidence for non-linear and asymmetric effects
- 2019
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Ingår i: Transportation Research Part F. - : Elsevier. - 1369-8478 .- 1873-5517. ; 66, s. 339-356
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Classifying public transport service attributes based on their influence on overall traveler satisfaction can assist stakeholders and practitioners in introducing cost-efficient measures. To date most studies employed methods that were based on the assumption that the impact of service attributes on traveler satisfaction is entirely linear and symmetric. This study examines whether service attributes have a non-linear and asymmetric influence on the overall travel experience by employing the Three-factor theory (basic, performance and exciting factors). The analysis is conducted for different traveler segments depending on their level of captivity, travel frequency by public transport and travel mode used, and is based on a relatively large sample size collected for Stockholm County. Moreover, the estimated models control for important socio-demographic and travel characteristics that have been insofar overlooked. Results are presented in the form of a series of multi-level cubes that represent different essentiality of traveler needs which provide a useful methodological framework to further design quality service improvements that can be applied to various geographical contexts. Our findings highlight that a “one size fits all” approach is not adequate for identifying the needs of distinct traveler segments and of travelers using different travel modes. Furthermore, two-thirds of the attributes are consistently classified into the same factor category which entails important policy implications. This research deepens and expands the very limited knowledge of the application of the three-factor theory in the transport field.
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| 9. |
- af Wåhlberg, Anders, 1965-
(författare)
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Changes in Driver Celeration Behavior over Time : do Drivers Learn from Collisions?
- 2012
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Ingår i: Transportation Research Part F. - : Elsevier BV. - 1369-8478 .- 1873-5517. ; 15:5, s. 471-479
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Although it is well known that drivers’ accident risk changes with experience, it has never been specified exactly how this comes about in terms of changes of behaviour, or what features of their experiences are important for this change. One possibility is that drivers learn from their collision involvement, and change their behaviour after such events, as some studies indicate. However, relative accident involvement tends to be very stable over time, which indicates the opposite. Repeated measurements of celeration (speed change) behaviour of bus drivers were compared between two groups; drivers without accidents within the measurement period (about 3 years), and drivers with at least one crash. For the crash group, there was a steady decline in their celeration values over time, but this was not related to their crashes. A similar reduction was also present for the non-crash sample. The results would seem to be in agreement with the theory of accident proneness; there exist stability in driver behaviour over time, despite accident involvement. However, this stability is relative within the sample, and not absolute. The reduction in celeration values for both groups over time would seem to indicate that drivers learn from their experiences in general, but not specifically from accidents. The present study seems to indicate that daily experience of driving situations is the strongest factor for changes in driving behaviour.
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| 10. |
- af Wåhlberg, Anders, 1965-
(författare)
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Re-education of young driving offenders : Effects on recorded offences and self-reported collisions
- 2011
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Ingår i: Transportation Research Part F. - : Elsevier BV. - 1369-8478 .- 1873-5517. ; 14:4, s. 291-299
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- New ways of educating offending drivers are being introduced, notably e-learning. This type of education has rarely been tested for its safety effects before. An e-learning course for offending young drivers was therefore evaluated as to its effects upon offence and self-reported collision rates. Significant reductions in number of offences and penalty points were found for an e-learning group, while this was not the case for drivers who had been fined only, or had taken a more traditional solely class-room based educational scheme. The e-learners also reported a larger reduction in collision involvement than a random control group, although a regression to the mean effect could not be ruled out. The results seem to indicate a positive effect of the e-learning course for young driving offenders. This conclusion, however, is to be interpreted in relation to the weak association between penalty points and collisions, and the low validity of self-reported collision involvement data. The present results lend further support to the use of e-learning driver improvement courses, although the most important type of data, recorded collisions, is still missing.
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