| 1. |
- Tomičić, Sara, et al.
(författare)
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High levels of IgG4 antibodies to foods during infancy are associated with tolerance to corresponding foods later in life
- 2009
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Ingår i: Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. - : Wiley. - 0905-6157 .- 1399-3038. ; 5:1, s. 35-41
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Children with eczema and sensitization to foods are recommended skin care and, if food allergy is proven by challenge, an elimination diet. For most children the diet period is transient, but the process behind tolerance development and the influence of decreased allergen exposure is not fully known. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of elimination diet on serum and salivary antibodies and to identify immunological parameters related to the ability to tolerate foods. Eighty-nine children, below 2 yr of age, with eczema and suspected food allergy were included. Recommended treatment was skin care to all children, and 60 children had a period of elimination diet. At 4½ yr of age, the children were divided into two groups, based on if they had been able to introduce the eliminated foods, or not. Serum and salivary antibodies were analyzed with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and UniCAP® before and after a 6-wk treatment period and at 4½ yr of age. Children sensitized to egg and/or milk that could eat and drink the offending foods at 4½ yr of age, had higher levels of Immunoglobulin G4 antibodies to ovalbumin and β-lactoglobulin and also higher IgG4/Immunoglobulin E ratios on inclusion in the study, than those who had to eliminate egg and/or milk from their diet, beyond 4½ yr of age. The highest IgG4/IgE ratios were found in children with circulating IgE antibodies to egg and/or milk but negative skin prick test on inclusion. The 6-wk treatment period did not significantly affect the levels of serum and salivary antibodies. In conclusion, eczematous, food sensitized infants with high levels of IgG4 and high ratios of IgG4/IgE antibodies to food allergens are more likely to consume these foods at 4½ yr than infants with low levels and ratios.
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| 2. |
- Aspberg, Sara, et al.
(författare)
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Is neonatal phototherapy associated with an increased risk for hospitalized childhood bronchial asthma?
- 2007
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Ingår i: Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. - : Wiley. - 0905-6157 .- 1399-3038. ; 18:4, s. 313-319
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This population-based register study examined if factors during the fetal and neonatal period influence the risk for the child to develop bronchial asthma (asthma). From the Swedish Hospital Discharge Register we identified children, born between 1987 and 1999, who had been hospitalized for asthma up to 2001. Thus, the outcome measure contains only hospitalized cases, not all children with asthma. Children younger than 2 yr at admission were excluded because of the uncertainty about the diagnosis of asthma in younger children. The remaining 14,803 children were compared with all children born the same years, recorded in the Swedish Medical Birth Registry, for information on pre- and perinatal characteristics. Odds ratios (ORs) were calculated with Mantel-Haenszel technique and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) with Miettinen's test-based method. The presence of various maternal and neonatal confounders were identified and adjusted for in the analyses. The association between some known factors and childhood asthma were confirmed: young maternal age, maternal smoking, period of unwanted childlessness, low maternal level of education, maternal diabetes, preterm birth, low birth weight, small-for-gestational age, caesarean section, and instrumental vaginal delivery. A number of neonatal characteristics were shown to be independent risk factors: sepsis or pneumonia, neonatal respiratory problems and treatments, neonatal icterus, and/or neonatal phototherapy. The association with icterus and phototherapy remained after exclusion of cases showing other neonatal risk factors and after adjustment for maternal factors (OR 1.27, 95% CI: 1.08-1.50), and increased to 1.5 if the children had been hospitalized for asthma more than once. In conclusion, our results suggest an association between neonatal icterus and/or treatment with neonatal phototherapy and hospitalized childhood asthma. This association needs further exploration.
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| 3. |
- Tollefsen, Elin, et al.
(författare)
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Allergy: a systemic disease? The HUNT and Young-HUNT study, Norway.
- 2008
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Ingår i: Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. - : Wiley. - 0905-6157 .- 1399-3038. ; 19:8, s. 730-736
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A systemic nature of allergic diseases has been hypothesized. As part of this discussion, we studied if adolescent allergic wheeze and increasing combinations of allergic organ involvements (lung, nose and skin) would also increase the reporting of other health problems (headache, muscle pain and abdominal pain). In addition, we studied if parental asthma was associated with adolescent clustering of allergic expressions and if parental asthma with additional health problems (headache or muscle pain) was associated with adolescent reporting allergy in combination with headache, muscle pain and abdominal pain. Adolescents 13-19 yr (n = 8817, 89%) participated in the Young-HUNT study, Norway, 1995-97. Parental data on asthma were eligible in n = 5620. Health and lifestyle were measured by questionnaires and interviews. Associations with additional health problems were significantly strengthened with combinations of wheeze and other allergic expressions. Odds Ratio for associations 'wheeze only', 'wheeze and rhinitis' and 'wheeze, rhinitis and eczema' were for headache 2.1, 3.4 and 3.7; for muscle pain 2.8, 3.2 and 4.9; for abdominal pain 3.6, 4.0 and 4.9. All p for trend were < 0.010. Similar results were obtained when studying allergic wheeze; p for trend < 0.001. Parental asthma was associated with clustering of adolescent allergic expressions, and parental asthma with headache or muscle pain was significantly associated with reported allergy combined with similar health problems in their offspring. The results indicate that allergy may be expressed beyond organs commonly viewed as part of an allergic disease, and hence may support a hypothesis of a systemic nature of allergic diseases.
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| 4. |
- Zhao, Zhuohui, et al.
(författare)
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Asthmatic symptoms among pupils in relation to microbial dust exposure in schools in Taiyuan, China
- 2008
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Ingår i: Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. - : Wiley. - 0905-6157 .- 1399-3038. ; 19:5, s. 455-465
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Microbial exposure has been indicated as significant in the development of asthma and allergy among children. The aim of the study was to test whether microbial exposure and allergens in the school environment are associated with asthmatic symptoms in pupils. Data on asthmatic symptoms and respiratory infections were collected through a questionnaire survey among 1993 pupils aged 11-15 yr in 10 randomly selected schools in Taiyuan, China. Settled dust in classrooms was analysed using tandem gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for 3-hydroxy fatty acids, marker of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from endotoxin, muramic acid (MuA), marker of bacteria and ergosterol (Erg) for fungi, quantifying both culturable and non-culturable microbes. A total of 29.8% reported daytime attacks of breathlessness, 8.4% wheeze and 1.2% had doctor's diagnosed asthma. Generally, MuA was negatively associated with wheeze and daytime attacks of breathlessness, the latter of which was negatively associated with Erg to a weaker extent. Total concentration of LPS was positively associated with daytime attacks of breathlessness, but shorter lengths of LPS, C10, C12 and C14 LPS were negatively associated with either wheezing or daytime attacks of breathlessness. For MuA and C10 and C12 of LPS, the associations were independent of airborne allergens and classroom crowdedness, and even independent of the other two microbial markers for MuA. Microbial exposure indicated by certain chemical markers (e.g. MuA) could be protective for asthmatic symptoms, but for LPS (endotoxin), the picture is more complex, varying by different lengths of fatty acids of LPS.
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| 5. |
- Amoudruz, Petra, et al.
(författare)
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Maternal country of birth and previous pregnancies are associated with breast milk characteristics
- 2009
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Ingår i: Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. - : Wiley. - 0905-6157 .- 1399-3038. ; 20:1, s. 19-29
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Populations in high infectious exposure countries are at low risk of some immune-mediated diseases such as Crohn’s disease and allergy. This low risk is maintained upon immigration to an industrialized country, but the offspring of such immigrants have a higher immune-mediated disease risk than the indigenous population. We hypothesize that early life exposures in a developing country shape the maternal immune system, which could have implications for the offspring born in a developed country with a low infectious load. The aim of this study was to investigate if exposures in childhood (indicated by country of origin) and subsequent exposures influence immunologic characteristics relevant to stimulation of offspring. Breast milk components among 64 mothers resident in Sweden, 32 of whom immigrated from a developing country, were examined using the ELISA and Cytometric Bead Array methods. Immigrants from a developing country had statistically significantly higher levels of breast milk interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-8 and transforming growth factor-β1. A larger number of previous pregnancies were associated with down-regulation of several substances, statistically significant for soluble CD14 and IL-8. The results suggest that maternal country of birth may influence adult immune characteristics, potentially relevant to disease risk in offspring. Such a mechanism may explain the higher immune-mediated disease risk among children of migrants from a developing to developed country. Older siblings may influence disease risk through the action of previous pregnancies on maternal immune characteristics.
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| 6. |
- Sandberg, Martina, et al.
(författare)
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Cord blood cytokines and chemokines and development of allergic disease
- 2009
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Ingår i: PEDIATRIC ALLERGY AND IMMUNOLOGY. - : Wiley. - 0905-6157 .- 1399-3038. ; 20:6, s. 519-527
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Exposure to ubiquitous allergens early in life, even before birth, may influence the incidence of allergic diseases later in life. During pregnancy, the fetomaternal interface is surrounded by high levels of T-helper (Th)2-like cytokines, possibly favouring the development of Th2-like immune responses in the offspring. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relation between cord blood (CB) IgE antibodies, Th1- and Th2-like cytokines and chemokines, maternal allergy and development of allergic disease during the first 2 yr of life in the offspring. The CB cytokine and chemokine levels from children of 20 allergic and 36 non-allergic women were determined by a multiplexed Luminex assay and ELISA. Total CB and maternal IgE antibody concentrations were quantified using ImmunoCAP technology. The maternal IgE levels during and after pregnancy correlated with CB IgE and Th2-associated macrophage-derived chemokine [MDC (CCL22)] levels. Development of allergic disease and sensitization was associated with increased CB IgE and MDC (CCL22) levels, as well as high ratios of MDC (CCL22) to Th1-associated interferon-gamma inducible protein 10 [IP-10 (CXCL10)] and interferon-gamma inducible T-cell alpha-chemoattractant [I-TAC (CXCL11) (n = 7 allergic vs. n = 25 non-allergic)]. The correlations between maternal IgE and CB IgE and MDC (CCL22) levels possibly indicate that the maternal immunity can affect the Th1/Th2 profile in the neonate. Development of allergic disease is associated with a more marked Th2-like deviation already at birth, shown as increased levels of CB IgE and MDC (CCL22) and higher ratios of MDC (CCL22) to IP-10 (CXCL10) and I-TAC (CXCL11).
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Fagerås Böttcher, Malin, et al.
(författare)
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Low breast milk TGF-beta2 is induced by Lactobacillus reuteri supplementation and associates with reduced risk of sensitization during infancy
- 2008
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Ingår i: Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. - : Wiley. - 1399-3038. ; 19:6, s. 497-504
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The immunological composition of breast milk differs between mothers. The reasons for these differences and the consequences for the breast-fed infants are poorly understood. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri supplementation on the immunological composition of breast milk in relation to sensitization and eczema in the babies. Total IgA, secretory IgA (SIgA), TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2, IL-10, TNF, soluble CD14 (sCD14), and Na/K ratios were analyzed in colostrum and mature milk obtained from women treated with L. reuteri (n = 54) or placebo (n = 55) from gestational week 36 until delivery. Bacteriological analyses of L. reuteri were performed in faecal samples of the mothers. The infants were followed prospectively for 2 yr regarding development of eczema and sensitization as defined by a positive skin prick test and/or circulating allergen-specific IgE antibodies at 6, 12, and 24 months of age. Supplementation of L. reuteri during pregnancy was associated with low levels of TGF-beta2 and slightly increased levels of IL-10 in colostrum. For TGF-beta2, this association was most pronounced in mothers with detectable L. reuteri in faeces. Infants receiving breast milk with low levels of TGF-beta2 were less likely to become sensitized during their first 2 yr of life. A similar trend was observed for development of IgE-associated eczema. The levels of total IgA, SIgA, TGF-beta1, TNF, sCD14, and Na/K ratios in breast milk were not affected by the intake of L. reuteri. None of these parameters correlated with sensitization or development of eczema in the infant, except for high Na/K ratios that associated with increased risk of sensitization. Supplementation with L. reuteri during late pregnancy reduces breast milk levels of TGF-beta2, and low levels of this cytokine are associated with less sensitization and possibly less IgE-associated eczema in breast-fed infants.
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| 10. |
- Ferdousi, Hosne Ara, 1957-, et al.
(författare)
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Bronchial hyper-responsiveness predicts the development of mild clinical asthma within 2 yr in school children with hay-fever
- 2005
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Ingår i: Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. - : Wiley. - 0905-6157 .- 1399-3038. ; 16:6, s. 478-486
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In children with mild asthma, symptoms are not always apparent. Therefore, results of tests play an important role for the diagnosis. First, to investigate whether children with bronchial hyper-responsiveness (BHR) but no symptoms of asthma in 1992 had developed clinical asthma at follow up in 1994. The second aim was to find out the diagnostic properties of tests for asthma/allergic inflammation, using either doctor diagnosed asthma (DDA), self-assessed symptoms of asthma or iso-capnic hyperventilation of cold air (IHCA), as the standard, to diagnose asthma in a group of children with hay fever. Twenty-eight children with pollinosis, 12 of them with a history of asthma for the first time during the season 1992, were studied during the birch pollen season and in the autumn of 1994. During both periods, the bronchial hyper-reactivity was estimated by methacholine bronchial provocation tests (MBPT), bronchial variability by peak expiratory flow rate variability, subjective symptoms of asthma by visual analogue scale (VAS) and bronchial inflammation by serum and urine levels of inflammatory mediators. In 1994 IHCA was added during both seasons. Eight of 16 children with BHR but without clinical asthma in 1992 had developed asthma in 1994, 14 of 16 reacted to IHCA and 13 to MBPT. All 12 children with DDA in 1992 had still asthma in 1994 and 14 children with BHR in 1992 had persistent BHR in 1994. Of 23 children with BHR in 1992, 17 had DDA in 1994 and all maintained their BHR. Furthermore, 20 of them reacted to IHCA in 1994. In 1994, 24 of 28 hay-fever children had a positive IHCA tests and 24 had positive MBPT. In relation to VAS, the sensitivity of IHCA and MBPT to predict present asthma was high, but the specificity low, whereas the specificity of most other tests was high, but based on few individuals. In relation to DDA both the IHCA test (65–80%) and the MBPT test (79–85%) had a high sensitivity and it was three to six times more likely to find a positive test among asthmatics than in non-asthmatics. Children with hay fever without clinical asthma have a high risk of developing asthma within 2 yr. In relation to DDA, inhalation of cold air and the MBPT showed a high sensitivity.
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